Development Of Islamic Calligraphy Theology Religion Essay Essays

Improvement Of Islamic Calligraphy Theology Religion Essay Essays Improvement Of Islamic Calligraphy Theology Religion Essay Improvement Of Islamic Calligraphy Theology Religion Essay Prior to the coming to of Islam, the utilization of creation was extremely least in Arab World. The discernment of writing and poesy was spread from oral cavity to talk. This example may result in the Arab universe capacity of growing such a confounded at this point graceful phonetic correspondence today. Be that as it may, when Islam showed up, there was a criticalness adjustment in the way individuals conveyed. The confidence trusters ( for example the Muslims ) attempted to happen a way to enter the guidelines from the Koran. On the other hand of using verbal imparting which may result in individuals unknowingly changed the substance of the Koran, or more terrible, adjusted it, they utilized creating in books and humanistic controls to enter within informations of the Koran. Subsequently, despite the fact that the example of origin was one time non noteworthy for individuals to pass on, the example turned into an implicit technique in disseminating the guidelines of Islam a while later. Thusly, the use of forming to proceed with the Koran verses and guidelines was consistently evolved by the Muslims and in this way, turned into a visual craft of most noteworthy order[ I ]. This turn of events, along these lines, empowered individuals who have neer included or communicate in craftsmanship, could make so by means of handwriting. From so onwards, the Islamic handwriting could be seen, either sacredly or imaginatively, on structures like mosques, graves or tributes and as adornments on ordnances, coins, and glass products. Islamic handwriting has since had numerous aims from the medium to circulate Koran directions to high terminal ability works. The Islamic handwriting shows numerous creative purposes of positions. For delineation, the lines must be sinuate and unit of ammo in signifier and rich in the movements of the shots that they should give the sentiment of being alive to the individuals who take a gander at the Hagiographas[ two ]. Not simply in music an d poesy that they need to hold beat, Islamic handwriting does each piece great. The lines shaped must go with effortlessness and beat, and every shots and bends adjusts itself in impeccable balance. Therefore, it is verifiable that the Islamic handwriting is the best creative achievement in Islamic civilization[ three ]. The most punctual way of making for the replicating out of the Koran was the Kufic until tenth century A.D. The Kufic has been changed into numerous signifiers and vacillations for the replicating of the Koran. It was so proceeded until the twelfth century A.D. what's more, after which was superceded by some different habits like the Naskh. The Kufic Style Kufic was named after the town Kufa, where this way of making previously got an official position. This official affirmation gave the restrictiveness for this way to be utilized in forming the Koran. Kufic is striking precise and olympian. This way, it is anything but difficult to recognize this structure by identifying the utilization of enormous even and short opposite lines. The flat lines are typically multiplied in simple, focusing both the even arrangement of the book and the book. Regularly, the all-encompassing even bit of an individual word can take up an entire line in the Koran. In its rough organizations, the kufic way does non incorporate diacritical Markss that may do incorrect readings among the perusers, all things considered, in later turn of events, the kufic way was so joined with Markss to isolate characters. As expressed previously, there are numerous signifiers and changes of Kufic way. The initial 1 is foliated kufic. As such, the verticals end down the middle palmetto[ four ], and the finishing up letters in each word is stretched vertically stoping in a palmetto on ramifying into foliages. The leafing is farther stressed by environing the book with a worr ied type of foliages ( Fig. 1 ) . There is other than a comparative kind of kufic called the Floriated kufic with solitary little contrasts ( Fig. 2 ) . Fig. 1 Foliated Kufic way Fig.2 a frieze with Floriated Kufic lettering of a Koran verse Another sort of kufic is the plaited kufic, which is increasingly well known for corrective goals. As such, the opposite pieces of the letters were plaited into mind boggling ties ( Fig. 3 ) . This sort of kufic is ordinarily utilized building adornment despite the fact that non limited to that map, it is other than observed in numerous textures and floor coverings. This kufic is progressively readable contrasted with different signifiers even on the most muddled meshes. One more vacillation to the kufic way creation is the set kufic ( figure 4 ) . This is perhaps the hardest kufic way to be perused. This way is regularly controlled and misrepresented in approaches to suit for ornamentation aims. The set kufic can be seen in about each inside structure of mosques or other otherworldly buildings, which letterings are ordinarily verses of the Koran. Fig 3. Plaited/Knotted Kufic way Fig 4. A Bent Kufic way enhancement at a mass of a mosque In spite of the fact that there are numerous sorts of kufic during the initial two centuries of Hijra age, yet the advancement of kufic into any corrective signifier was least. The way used to create the Koran was in straightforward kufic ( Fig. 5 ) . In any case, as the clasp went on, some Arabic improved the kufic way and do it increasingly restorative by incorporating diacritical focuses and checks ( Fig. 6 ) . For forming shrewd, the kufic itself contrasts from the others. The uniqueness lies on how kufic has a regular dimensional connection between the opposite and flat parts. Henceforth, for the corrective components to the kufic way, the calligraphist may include foliage, cringle, or some other geometrical figures to the letters, and the flat lines so fall in every note to sort out a sentence. In this manner, the kufic way was formed into an extremely restorative way that made it extremely difficult to be utilized in scripting the Koran. At that point the longhand, less rakish , and less corrective way was acquainted and created by calligrapher with supplant kufic in making the Koran. This way is known as the Naskh way. Fig. 5 Kufic in Early Koran ( without diacritical Markss ) Fig.6 Kufic in the Koran with diacritical Markss The Naskh Style The naskh way varies from its first, the kufic. On the other hand of being rakish, this way is progressively cursive and unit of ammo. Its general belongingss speak to the cursive kufic relaxed to more extensive bends and more liberated expanses[ V ]( Fig. 7 ) . This way, unreasonably, is increasingly completed as it has fused all the components that kufic way has. It created the impression that this way has itself so natural developed as a corrective origin, which makes the getting it together becomes craftsmanship, complexity to the kufic where the initiation is ornamented to work the workmanship expectation. Naskh way other than plays out a general aim of Islamic handwriting that is to demo to perusers the intrigue contained in the shots and bends in anticipation of a cosmopolitan supplication of the beguiling and charitable movements. Naskh characters were created in numerous signifiers in numerous states. Its unique birth topographic point was in Baghdad during the time of Abbas id calif[ six ], and was spread out to the full Islamic handwriting universe. Its most punctual signifier can be found in the word Maghribe ( Fig. 8 ) from the western part of the universe and was attracted directly from the first origin kufic way. The naskhy Maghribe initiation can be seen on dedications in Samarkand, Istanbul, and different pieces of the western universe. There are other than other naskh way handwriting in the eastern universe like in cardinal Asia, Arabia, Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, and India. This eastern naskh way needs to it a more extensive extent of hover border with the inclining shots flung fleetly into the signifier of Shikasta [ seven ]( Fig. 9 ) . Strangely, the improvements in the numerous states along these lines delivered numerous other naskh habits. Thulth, Riqa, Zulf-e-Aru s, Gulzar, Taus, Larza, and Manshur are different kinds of naskh with progressively restorative and corrective touch. Fig. 7 Naskh way Calligraphy Fig. 8 Maghreb verse in naskh way Fig. 9 Naskh way calligraphy-Shikasta The Incorporation of Decorations Enrichments are consolidated in the handwriting for some goals. The initial 1 is to do the Hagiographas progressively restorative. By incorporating enrichments like seriphs, leaflike vegetal adornments, or some diacritical imprints will do the Hagiographas increasingly alluring and engaging towards the perusers. In Thulth way for representation, which is another signifier of Naskh, the shots of the words take the signifier of sticker and bends are fluxing like H2O ( Fig. 10 ) . These enrichments can be found in commemorations, graves, and so forth. Enrichments are other than clear in Riqa and Gulzar habits. The previous shows a smooth fluxing gave like a snake or conduit while the last nowadayss restorative lines that take after blossoms ( Fig. 11 ) and type of invigorate creatures like Inachis io ( Fig. 12 ) . In add-on, there is one particular sharp naskh way of forming called the Tughra way. This way is actually utilizes the sentences from Koran and makes them into the types of wi nged animals, Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelams, and so forth aside from the un-clean vivify resembling feathered creature of Minerva or hoard. In this way, then again of making the verses out of Koran in the conventional way like naskh or kufic, by enhancing, the Hagiographas of verses have something that attracts individuals taking care of it, in spite of the fact that the Hagiographas may non be needfully be neat, this a decent first measure to introduce the guidelines of Islam to the individuals who may entrance to cognize more. The second aim is to differentiate the devout. The adornments that are fused in the Hagiographas are mass in the position to respect or uplift the Holy Koran. In spite of the fact that, there is no existent grounds on that announcement, one can conclude from the represen

Black People and Prejudice Essay

â€Å"Ahhhhhhhh! † I screeched and bounced for delight the second I dropped the telephone. I hurrily hastened over to my mother to share the news. â€Å"Mommy, I landed my first position! † This was the venturing stone to me being an autonomous young lady. I was formally utilized at Hollister Co. as a business model. I was happy and eager to bring in some cash at the youthful age of 15. My first week was unquestionably a learning experience; from figuring out how to keep up a money recorder to collapsing huge amounts of polos and pants. Before long through this excursion, it began to get mixed. With a quarter of a year of being utilized, my works day were lessening from 4 moves every week to 1 move seven days. As I took a gander at the calendar postings for the week, I saw a pattern with the planning of the movements. Amusingly, the vast majority of the representatives that were working more hours and more moves were white females. I figured it may have something to do with the way that my chief is a white surfer-kid who is beguiled by sea shore blonde delights. Anyway that didn't prevent me from requesting that he put me on the calendar more. Tragically, I disdain the day I had asked him. Lamentably, he felt that I didn’t have the â€Å"natural beachy look† that Hollister Co. was attempting to see. I am of Malaysian not too bad and have tan skin shading. Hearing that unquestionably wounded my conscience and made me hesitant about my appearance. I felt this was a strategy for me to stop, thus I did. Throughout the months I start to understand that at last there will be individuals on the planet that have a viewpoint of life that I can't appear to change. I had understood this was not my issue; it was his very own judgment that drove him to believe that. I was dealt with along these lines in light of what I looked like not on who I am. Numerous individuals have attempted to clarify the thinking of why individuals are biased and victimize each other. Two readings that are eye-openers about bias are â€Å"Causes of Prejudice† and â€Å"C. P. Ellis. † In the exposition, â€Å"Causes of Prejudice,† the creator Vincent N. Parrillo clarifies the explanations behind bigotry and separation in the United States. Which carries us to Studs Terkel’s paper â€Å"C. P. Ellis,† he discloses to us the narrative of C. P. Ellis, a previous Klansmen who claims he is not, at this point bigot. With Parrillo’s paper, we will investigate what caused C. P. Ellis to be preference and how he changed. Parrillo’s Causes of Prejudice plots reasons how and why partiality exists in today’s society. Parrillo first begins revealing to us that preference is the dismissal of an individual from a specific culture, and that ethnocentrism is a dismissal of all culture all in all. He at that point expresses that there are four regions of study to consider when managing preference; levels of bias, self-defense, character, and disappointment. This hypothesis is perfect to the base of why and where preference begins. He clarifies that the principal level of preference is the intellectual degree of partiality. This is a person’s convictions of a culture. The subsequent level is the enthusiastic degree of preference. This level incorporates what sort of enthusiastic reaction a culture has on an individual. These feelings for instance can be that of abhor, love, dread, etc†¦ The last level, clarifies Parrillo, is the activity arranged level. This is the longing to truly follow up on their preference sentiments toward the individual or culture. As expressed in the content, â€Å"The enthusiastic degree of preference envelops the emotions that a minority bunch stirs in a person. Despite the fact that these sentiments might be founded on generalizations from the intellectual level they speak to progressively exceptional phases of individual involvement† (Parrillo 386). His announcement remains constant. In the feeling of financial rivalry preference happens every now and again. We have to understand that desire is a significant factor of preference. There would even now be rivalries, disdain, and generalizing. It is simply in our human instinct. The account of C. P Ellis starts as he talks about his life just like a white male from a low-pay class. His disappointments and disasters lead him to turn into an individual from the Ku Klux Klan. His dad consistently advised Ellis to avoid blacks, Jews, and Catholics’ and he complied with his father’s wishes. One might say, it appeared as though Ellis really respected his dad. At 17 years of age, his dad before long died and Ellis had to work to watch out for his family. Ellis examines his dissatisfactions on making a decent living with four youngsters, the oldest being slow-witted and the battles he needs to suffer to get it going. Ellis starts to reprimand the dark individuals for his disaster and his hardship of not having the option to have adequate assets. In significance to Parrillo’s paper, he discloses that â€Å"frustrations will in general increment hostility toward others† (Parrillo 393). This ties into the displeasure that Ellis started to guide it towards as he expressed, â€Å"I didn’t realize who to fault. I attempted to discover someone. I started to accuse dark individuals. I needed to abhor somebody† (Terkel 400). Ellis accepted that accusing others as opposed to himself was the most ideal approach to get over his disappointments. We are then misused to the confidence Ellis had and his perspective when beginning his bigot frenzy. In the first place, Ellis appears all through the article that he is powerless disapproved and has exceptionally low confidence. Ellis states, â€Å"The dominant part of ‘em are low pay whites, individuals who truly don’t have a section in something. They have been closed out just as the blacks†¦ So the regular individual to despise would the dark person† (Terkel 401). Ellis began to despise the way that he was poor and gone to the KKK. He felt the KKK opened open doors he could accomplish in light of the security and individuals from the gathering. Parrillo states that â€Å"self-justification† is persuade the fundamental driver of preference. He states â€Å"a individual may stay away from social contact with bunches considered second rate and partner just with those distinguished as being of high status† (Parrillo 387). We can distinguish the practices and character Ellis shows is applicable to similar practices and character of his dad. All through the story, Ellis coordinated his scorn towards blacks simply like his dad did. Ellis states â€Å"The common individual for me to loathe would be dark individuals, in light of the fact that my dad before me was an individual from the Klan. Undoubtedly, it was the friend in need of the white people† (Terkel 400). We can perceive that his supremacist ways originated from his dad who mentioned to him what to accept. We can distinguish this as the â€Å"socialization† factor of partiality. At the point when one is encouraged something which they live by for their entire life they start to assume a job similarly as the person who showed them those ways. Parrillo explains, â€Å"We therefore get familiar with the partialities of our folks and others, which at that point become some portion of our qualities and convictions. In any event, when dependent on bogus generalizations, partialities shape our view of different people groups and impact our mentalities and activities toward specific groups† (Parrillo 394). We can make the association that Ellis’s father was supremacist he picked up his father’s qualities just as his convictions. This additionally ties in when he starts to accuse dark individuals since he was instructed they were the reason for the monetary issues he was confronting. Ellis states â€Å"If we didn’t have niggers in the schools, we wouldn’t have the issues we got today† (Terkel 402). Here he didn't genuinely encounter what he accepted however he was advised this and started to live by it, which was passed somewhere around his dad. Over the time, Ellis and his perspectives about the blacks changed by and large. At long last, Ellis has a revelation once he understood how much in like manner he truly had with blacks. He before long started to understand that dark individuals were similarly as typical and searching for something very similar throughout everyday life. He mentions to us what he understood later in his life â€Å"As long as they kept low-pay whites and low-pay blacks fightin’, they’re going to keep up control† (Terkel 403). The disclosure is going to transform him. He alludes to they similar to the lawmakers and government. He started to have his own mentality and understand that all are similar and ought not be dealt with in an unexpected way. Some white individuals had similarly as low salaries as some dark individuals, which drove him to understand that they were all at a similar level. There is no clarification with respect to why Ellis truly chose to out of nowhere change his perspectives. We can relate this to Parrillo’s proclamation, â€Å"Although socialization clarifies how biased perspectives might be transmitted starting with one age then onto the next, it doesn't clarify their root or why they heighten or reduce over the years† (Terkel 394). Taking everything into account, both Parrillo’s paper and Ellis’s story go connected at the hip in demonstrating us the genuine motivation behind why partiality prejudice despite everything exists today. Vincent Parrillo represents admirable sentiments and key ideas on why cause an individual to be partiality and supremacist. C. P Ellis gives a canny eye and really gives us trust that possibly individuals will change their perspectives throughout the years. Both gave us that preference is a prime factor in this general public and this is on the grounds that everybody was brought up in an unexpected way. Everybody has their own convictions and thoughts. Worth, perspectives, convictions and culture all are focuses of preference. Notwithstanding anything, we will always be unable to change that. Individuals simply attempt to continue on to the generalizing and condemning of different races and their own. Works Cited Parrillo, Vincent N. â€Å"‘Causes of Prejudice. † Rereading America: Cultural Contexts for Critical Thinking and Writing. Ed. Gary Colombo, Robert Cullen, and Bonnie Lisle. eighth ed. Boston: Bedford St. Martin’s, 2010. 384-398. Terkel, Studs. â€Å"C. P Ellis. † Rereading America: Cu

Master the new TOEFL Reading Section

Master the new TOEFL Reading Section IntroductionI get this question a lot. Broadly speaking, heres what I think you should do to prepare for the TOEFL reading section:Learn your current levelLearn how the reading section is designedGet some accurate practice testsImprove your reading comprehensionGet some strategies for solving questionsHire a good tutorDetails about how to do these things are below!Learn Your Current LevelIf you havent taken the test already, make sure you know your current level in the TOEFL reading section. The easiest way to do this is to take the free sample test from ETS. You can also take one of the tests in the Official Guide to the TOEFL. Once you have done this you will know how much you need to improve.Learn How the Reading Section is DesignedOkay, this might be obvious, but you need to know how the TOEFL reading section is designed. If you understand how the test is designed, you will have fewer surprises on test day. Start by checking out the practice reading set from ETS. Read that set ve ry carefully. Pay attention to the length of the passages and the number of questions included with each passage.Pay special attention to the types of reading questions used by ETS. Briefly, the main types are:Factual InformationNegative Factual InformationRhetorical PurposeVocabularySentence SimplificationInsert a SentenceInferenceReferenceSummaryFill in a tableThe best descriptions of these question types is found in the Official Guide to the TOEFL. Note that you dont need to pay for the 5th edition, as every edition of the guide has pretty much the same descriptions. Read them carefully.You can get the same descriptions and advice in the TOEFL Insiders Guide course on edX. This is free, and is mostly video. I like it.I recently analyzed the most recent practice materials. Read my blog post for an indication of how frequently each question type will appear on test day.I should mention a few things before we go on:Since August 1, ETS has used fewer vocabulary questions than before. Expect just one or two per article. In the past, you would get three to five per article.Fill in a table and reference questions seem to be used much less than before. I used to think they were gone forever, but since posting the original version of this guide, Ive gotten some reports that they have reappeared. Be prepared.You might get an unexpected question like how does paragraph 1 relate to paragraph 2 or what function does paragraph 2 serve in the organization of the passage as a whole. These types are not mentioned in most popular study guides. Sorry.Get Some Accurate Practice TestsOnce you understand what the test looks like., you absolutely need to build a collection of accurate reading sets. As you work through the improve your reading comprehension and learn some strategies stuff below, you should complete about one of these tests every week.The Official Guide to the TOEFL (four good tests)The Official iBT Test Collection Volume 1 (five good tests)The Official iBT Test Co llection Volume 2 (five good tests)TSTPreps Test Pack (10 good tests, online) try the coupon code goodine10off for a discount.If you complete one test per week, these materials will be good enough for 6 months of preparation. Adjust the frequency to match the amount of time you have to prepare for the test.Note that I dont recommend any of the following sources of tests:Kaplan TOEFLBarrons TOEFLBest My TestEdusynchImprove Your Reading ComprehensionIf you have more than a month to prepare for the test, you should work on your reading comprehension instead of studying tricks and strategies for answering specific TOEFL reading questions.It seems obvious, but if you can read better, you will get a better score on the TOEFL. When native speakers take the test, they dont use strategies, obviously. I promise I will link to some strategies in a moment, but I hope you dont need to use them.Excessively focusing on strategies might make things too complicated for you on test day. My friend Jo sh MacPherson wrote about this in EFL Magazine last year. His article is meant for teachers, but it does make clear that trying to use a 5-step strategy to answer 10 different question types can be challenging and time-consuming.Of course, I cant really teach you how to read better in this blog post. Sorry. But I can suggest a few things. They are:Read non-TOEFL articles about the sorts of subjects that will appear on the test. My favorite sources are National Geographic and both the science and history sections of Smithsonian Magazine. Try to read three or four of these every day. As you read, make use of something like Merriam-Websters Learners Dictionary to ensure that you comprehension is as high as possible. If you are confused about what you are reading, seek help.You can also find relevant articles in the crappy TOEFL Textbooks I hate. I do want to emphasize that these books are not very accurate when it comes to the TOEFL, but they are full of academic articles you can read for general practice. Consider using: Kaplans Practice Tests, Barrons TOEFL iBT, and Compass Publishings Mastering Skills for the TOEFL. Again, I want to repeat that these books do not have accurate practice tests, but they do have articles about the subjects that ETS uses on the test.Read anything. Seriously. Read newspaper articles about current events that relate to your life. Read good books that you enjoy. Both fiction and non-fiction will help, in the long run. If you want to know what Im reading nowadays, check out my profile on Goodreads. Send me a note and well chat about books.I know this is all vague, but if you have a few months to improve, your goal should be to gradually improve your vocabulary and reading comprehension so that you dont need to use strategies on the test. This can only be done by exposing yourself to written English.Learn Some StrategiesIf you have improved your comprehension and you still cant figure out the answers you will need to try some strategie s. Heres a few of my favorite sources:Kathy Spratts Mastering the Reading Section for the TOEFL iBT ebook from AmazonThe TST Prep TOEFL Emergency Course (try coupon code goodine10off for a 10% discount)Kirstyn Lazurs TOEFL Thrive Guide ebook, also on Amazon.Yeah, you have to pay for these. Right now, there arent very many good free resources online. Im always open to suggestions, though. Leave a comment if you have something for me.Get a Good TOEFL TeacherIf you really want to improve your score, you should hire a tutor to work with you one on one. I recommend the following experts:Katie Mary houseoftoefl@gmail.comJohn Healy Study WIth ItMiguel Marcano elitetoeflprep@gmail.comSherlenTanner TOEFL iBT Academy Jonathan Huggins info@hugginsinternational.comSierra Yohalem sierra.yohalem@gmail.comDanijela Jovanovic proesltestprep.comJosh MacPherson tstprep.comKirstyn Lazur Toeflland@gmail.comJane Birkenhead Birkenhead EnglishMention that you were referred by Michael at TOEFL Res ources for preferential treatment (maybe).

Cell Phones And The United States - 971 Words

Cell phones originated in the United States in 1946, as a signal to an unused channel. Then, the calls got connected to an operator, which he or she would forward the call to the other party. While having a conversation, you were only allowed to talk to one person at a time. Adrian Lee (www.express.co.uk) says, â€Å"The weight of the phone used to make that call was about the same as a bag of sugar (2lb). The brick–like battery required, which allowed a talk time of just 30 minutes and took 10 hours to charge, made carting it around even more of a chore.† Technology has advanced, critically since then, a smartphone allows the person to call, text, e-mail, play games and much more. People are depending on their cell phones for everything they do, which includes using cell phones while driving. Adrian Lee (www.express.co.uk) also stated drivers reactions are a third slower when talking on a handheld mobile than when under the influence of alcohol. Why is using your cell phone a bad thing while driving? Cell phone usage should be limited while driving to protect their lives, prevent killing innocent lives, and avoiding issues with traffic laws. One of the main reasons why using a cell phone while driving is critical amongst drivers is to protect their own lives. Drivers need to have their phone nearby or in one hand while driving. According to the website (www.pewinternet.org), â€Å"67% of cell owners find themselves checking their phone for messages, alerts, or calls — even whenShow MoreRelatedThe Improvement of Cell Phones754 Words   |  4 Pagesof a cell phone has been around since the nineteenth century. A cell phone is also referred to as a mobile phone, or a cellular device. The first cellular device was invented in 1973 by Martin Cooper. This mobile telephone was the size of a brick! Ever since this invention, the cell phone has become the most prevalent piece of technology. Nowadays, the majority of people in the world possess a cell phone. One country in particular that is very popular when it comes to cell phones is the United StatesRead MoreCell Phones are Higlhy Addictive1431 Words   |  6 Pagesbillion cell phone subscribers in the world. (â€Å"UN says world has 6 billion cell phone subscribers, 2.3 billion Internet users†). With a number this high one must ask whether or not cell phones are more beneficial than they are harmful. Everyone recognizes the benefits of cell phones, but how often does society acknowledge the harms that cell phones induce on the public. The simplicity of communication through the use of cell phones does not outweigh the distractions caused by cell phones, becauseRead MoreEssay on Cell Phone Use Should be Banned While Driving985 Words   |  4 PagesYour phone rings and you answer it. You start talking and get deeply involved in the conversation. Before you know it, you just ran a red light and get side swiped by a school bus. Your life is now upside down. Fin ally, you are able to pull yourself out of your new Escalade with no injury. However, a few of the students have been injured and one killed. Now you have to live with that for the rest of your life. This is a prime example of cell phone distraction. Therefore, all cell phone usageRead MoreEssay on The Dangers of Cell Phone Use While Driving604 Words   |  3 Pagesroad accidents in many countries. Many people have a cell phone and some even call their cell phone their life line. The cell phone is a provider of very important information such as addresses, phone numbers, and important dates. However, while the cell phone has many positive attributes like keeping people in touch, the cell phone becomes very dangerous when a person decides to drive and use it.This obliged many countries especially United States to pass regulations that put the level of blood-alcoholRead MoreTechnology : Infringing On Liberty1367 Words   |  6 Pagesage of cell phones and modern technology, tha t coveted right is at danger of government intrusion. Recently, there is growing concern with the invasion of privacy regarding warrantless cell phone searches. Cell phones today â€Å"store vast amounts of personal information,† including, â€Å"address books, banking information, calendars, text messages, emails, photos, browsing history, and social media applications.† Most Americans would avow that there is a â€Å"high expectation of privacy in their cell phones’Read MoreCell Phone Evolution: Good and Bad1252 Words   |  6 PagesCell Phone Evolution: Good and Bad Since the beginning of the industrial revolution, the world has become a smaller and faster place. The time used to travel to far distances has decreased. The growth of new technologies, traveling and communicating has become simple daily tasks for many people. Through the growth of global communication, people have become closer to others across the globe, and business has gone world wide. One invention that came along with the technological revolution is theRead MoreImportance Of Cell Phone Safety Essay1056 Words   |  5 PagesThe cell phone safety In spite of the fact that cell phones convey a few expediency and advantages to our lives, they additionally have some possibly unsafe impacts. Disclosure of cell phones has been one of the critical technological progress lately. A portion of these effects has contributed emphatically to our lives, yet at the same time, others have affected contrarily. The cell phones have had a noticeable effect on the social life of individuals. In any case, cell phones have accompaniedRead MoreTexting, Calling And Driving916 Words   |  4 Pagesall this new technology coming out on the market for cell phones that are supposed to be safe for the road such as hands- free devices like Siri, are they really safe for the public or is it just another way for companies to make money by sugar coating the real truth about cell phones. There is no dough that cell phones are helpful, but at what cause. Losing a limp or a live is that the price people are willing to pay for using their cell phones on the road. All it takes is five second for the driverRead MoreEssay on Get Off The Phone!!! While Driving...584 Words   |  3 Pagesfor cell phone banning. One of the worst train accidents in U.S history occurred when a conductor exchanged text messages on his phone while operating the train. People in the United States are often pulled over for cell phone use and cited. This issue has sparked big controversy with lawmakers. The use of a cell phone is not the only distraction while driving but it is known that it could potentially cause disaster like discussed above. The result of this has caused many states to outlaw cell phoneRead MoreCell Phone Negotiations Essay1097 Words   |  5 PagesCell Phone Negotiations Monique Wilson MGT/557 April 9, 2012 Marie Smith Cell Phone Negotiations Conflicts and disputes in negotiations arise because of a number of reasons. Opposing interests, cultural, gender, personality, and emotional differences are contributing factors as well. Culture is an important dimension of international negotiations. According to Vochita (2008), it is an ingrained

More Gun Control Essay - 946 Words

More Gun Control One of the biggest issues in the United States that I would change would be gun control. The government is constantly proposing legislation for more and more gun control. Slowly they are chipping away at our constitutional right to keep and bear arms. You must ask yourself: For what reason does the government want to restrict law-abiding citizens from owning guns? Certainly government is not so naive to think criminals will adhere to gun control laws. There just may be an underlying motive for gun control. After all, people would be easier to control if they were defenseless. Few public policy debates have been as dominated by emotion and misinformation as the one on gun control. Banning guns to†¦show more content†¦Comparable publicized training programs for gun-toting merchants distinctly reduced store robberies in Highland Park, Michigan, and New Orleans; a grocers organizations gun clinics produced the same result in Detroit (Hagar). Gun control advocates note only two burglars in 1,000 are driven off by armed homeowners. However, a huge majority of burglaries take place when no one is home, the statistical citation is deceptive. Several criminologists attribute the predominance of daytime burglary to burglars fear of encountering an armed resident. Indeed, a burglars chance of being sent to jail is about the same as his chance of being shot by a victim if the burglar breaks into an occupied residence (one to two percent in each case). Gun control is based on the faulty notion that ordinary American citizens are too hazardous and ill tempered to be trusted with weapons. Only through the slight alterations of specific constitutional rights is gun control even possible. It most severely victimizes those who most need weapons for self-defense. Many advocates of gun control believe that legislation in their favor will create a decrease in violent crime. To the contrary, Great Britain, a country with gun control, reports a frightening 1,200 percent increase of violent crimes against individuals in the last thirty-three years between 1960 and 1993. The number of robberies in this same time period has increased byShow MoreRelatedNo More Gun Control Needed1281 Words   |  6 PagesNo More Gun Control Needed The debate of whether or not the government should ban the sell of guns, and attempt to remove all guns in existence has been debated for a long period of time; I believe that banning guns is not only implausible, it will do more harm than good. In this essay, I’ll be discussing the history of this debate, as well as discuss some misinformation that’s been proposed by those wishing to ban guns. I’ll also discuss how guns do not turn ordinary, law abiding citizens intoRead MoreRe : More Gun Control Essay1898 Words   |  8 PagesTO: Senator Ryan McDougal From: Sean T. Bowles (Researcher) Date: November 8, 2016 RE: More Gun Control in Virginia Executive Summary Today there is a problem with guns in our society. People have easy access to firearms and here in Virginia it is much easier for anyone to get a firearm through private sales without any kind of background check into their mental health or criminal status. The reason that this is a problem is because people who are able to get a weapon without having a backgroundRead MoreAmerica Needs More Gun Control1881 Words   |  8 Pagesme the money.† She pulled out her gun from her back pocket and shot him in the toe. She didn’t kill him, but she prevented herself from getting killed. That gun saved her life and my life. You never know when something bad might happen. It could come out at any time, any day, anywhere. If my aunt hadn’t been allowed to carry that gun, we both might not be alive today. Even though some people believe America needs more gun control, this country needs less gun control because people need a way to protectRead MoreNo More Gun Control in Amer ica Essay570 Words   |  3 PagesClass, firearms have been an element of the American tradition as defense and a means of hunting or activity. As we progress through the 21st century the use of guns has changed significantly. Any additional gun laws should not be imposed on American citizens because of the second amendment, the need for protection, and the need for food and recreational sports. The second amendment in the United States Constitution clearly states that as American citizens, we have a right to bear arms. The ConstitutionRead MoreEssay America Needs More Gun Control1409 Words   |  6 PagesConstitution to the United States really mean? Does every citizen have the right to own a gun? Should there be limitations on who can possess a gun? Gun right advocates believe they have the right to possess a gun without restrictions. Gun Control advocates on the other hand support more limitations on the accessibility of guns and also want to ban certain types of guns. They argue that the more guns there are the more crime there will be. Is either one of these arguments justified? Which party is rightRead MoreAmerica Needs More Guns: Say No to Gun Control Essay2237 Words   |  9 PagesGuns do not kill people, people do. The American Dream is being able to work towards and achieve whatever makes you happy, whether it be owning your own business, joining the military, or staying at home raising a family, but the only way to reach your dream is to do it without living in fear that your dream will be taken away. In the last couple years mass shootings and attacks on schools have sadly become a common tragedy. Those who have been victims of public shootings or any other life scarringRead MoreAmerica Needs More Gun Control Essay1372 Words   |  6 Pages is enough. (Gibbs, 1993) Many Americans believe that gun control should be improved and the regulations made more stringent. However, the National Rifle Association (NRA) has a most formidable lobby, and lobbing campaign, which up until this time, has presented past Presidents from initiation gun control laws. There appears to be an almost grass roots movement to stifle efforts which attempt to establish more effective gun control laws. To a large extent, it is our Constitution which givesRead MoreWe Do Not Need More Gun Control2368 Words   |  10 PagesWe Do Not Need More Gun Control Lately all the talk these days is guns. It is not about owning them, but more so controlling them; sometimes even removing them through programs, such as President Obama’s â€Å"Buyback program.† This program is a trade in program, as in if you trade in your gun for money. This is because of the recent mass shootings. Instead of gun control we should be looking for a solution. We do not need more gun control because we have the right to bear arms. We should be heavilyRead MoreGun Control Is More Than Removing Guns From Our Homes Essay1860 Words   |  8 PagesGun Control is About More than Removing Guns from Our Homes Every law-abiding American citizen should have a choice to own a gun, and it should not matter if their reason is for protection, for sport or to collect. Gun control is a concern that needs to be one of â€Å"less talk and more action†; in addition, it needs to be an issue where both parts of the Congress join together to find a solution to the growing problem of gun violence in the United States. Furthermore, the American people need to demandRead MoreGun Control : A Controversial Issue For More Than A Century1044 Words   |  5 PagesFontana Criminal Justice 3-19-15 Gun Control Gun control has been a controversial issue for more than a century, and there is yet to be a definitive solution or consensus. Proponents of gun control believe there should be stricter regulations, and more in depth background checks before someone is allowed to purchase a firearm. Among other things, the Second Amendment was added to our Constitution because the founders believed the private ownership of guns was necessary for the protection

Apple’s Financial Analysis Part 2 Free Essays

APPLE’S FINANCIAL ANALYSIS FOR THE YEAR ENDED September 27, 2008 Income Statement: a) Apple Inc uses multi-step income statement format. It organizes its operating section by using functional expense classification. b)There are no unusual items presented in Apple’s income statement. We will write a custom essay sample on Apple’s Financial Analysis Part 2 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Also the company did not discontinue any of its operations, neither had any changes in accounting principles. The net income for 2008, 2007, and 200 is $4,834, $3,496, and $1,989 respectively. The net income has increased continually in past three years. Net income increased 38. 3% in 2008. Apple’s net income growth for 2007 was 75. 7%. The income statement doesn’t need restating. I also believe that Apple is not managing their earnings. The company’s revenue and earnings per share are undervalued and Apple’s financials appear radically weaker than they actually are. It is because in April, 2007 they made a bad decision when announced that Apple will be using what is commonly referred to as the â€Å"subscription method of accounting† for sales of the iPhone where the sales revenue from the iPhone is deferred and recognized over a 24-month period instead of at the point of sale. When disregarding the deferred revenue mechanism of subscription accounting, Apple actually earned $7. 48 in EPS on $38. 041 billion in revenue. That compares to the $5. 36 in EPS on $32. 479 billion in revenue that Apple reported on a GAAP-basis. During 2008, the Company adopted the Financial Accounting Standards Board’s (â€Å"FASB†) Financial Interpretation No. (â€Å"FIN†) 48, Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes—an interpretation of FASB Statement No. 109. FIN 48 changes the accounting for uncertainty in income taxes by creating a new framework for how companies should recognize, measure, present, and disclose uncertain tax positions in their financial statements. 09/27/08Restated 09/27/09 Net Sales32,47932,479 Cost Of Goods21,33421,334 Gross Profit11,14511,145 Selling Adminstrative Depr. Amort Expenses4,8704,870 Income After Depreciation Amortization6,2756,275 Non-Operating Income620620 Pretax Income6,8956,895 Income Taxes2,0612,061 Investment Gains/Losses00 Other Income/Charges00 Income From Cont. Operations4,8344,834 Extras Discontinued Operations00 Net Income4,8344,834 2) Apple Inc recognizes revenue from sales when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery has occurred, the sales price is fixed or determinable, and collection is probable. Revenue from service and support contracts is deferred and recognized ratably over the service coverage periods. Revenue is deferred for the fair value of the specified upgrade rights when offered. i. A/R turnover=Net Sales/Average A/R(net) A/R turnover2007=24,066/1637=14. 70 times A/R turnover2008=32,479/2422=13. 41 times ii. Allowance % A/R=Allowance/ Gross A/R Allowance % A/R2007=47/24,066=0. 0195 Allowance % A/R2008=47/32,479=0. 001445 iii. Average collection period= 365/ A/R turnover (or 365*A/R/Net Sales) Average collection period2007=365/14. 70=24. 82 (every 25 days) Average collection period2008=365/13. 41=27. 22 (every 22 days) The total sales revenues increased consistently for the past years. Net sales increased 43. 86% in 2008 compared with 2007 ($24,006 and $ 32,479 respectively), A/R have increased too by 47. 95% in 2007 compared to 20056 ($1637and $2,422 respectively). The company does not have looser credit policy, since it does not have credit accounts whatsoever. Apple has an ncreasing accounts receivable turnover which is a positive sign – showing the company is successfully executing its credit policies and quickly turning its accounts receivables into cash. The ratios calculated above cannot be taken into account because they do not represent the actual A/R for the company for entire year. 3)Inventory Costing: a)The company uses FIFO in costing its inventory. I believe that the company uses this method, because even though tax expense are higher, since the Cost of Goods Sold decrease by using the lower cost items, the net effect on the net income still result it net increase. The earnings per share also increase, as well as inventory in the balance sheet. If the cost of the inventories exceeds their market value, provisions are made currently for the difference between the cost and the market value. The Company’s inventories consist primarily of finished goods for all periods presented. If they use LIFO the net income would have been higher, it can benefit from tax savings and improve its cash flow. On other hand average cost achieves a net income somewhere in the middle. b)Looking at the vertical analysis of the Income Statement cost of goods sold has decreased to 0. 34% (from 66. 3 % in 2007to 65. 69% in 2008), and net sales increased by $8475. At the same time, looking at the horizontal analysis, while in 2008 COGS increased by nearly 39. 97% compared to 2007, sales increased only by 43. 86%, and in 2007 while GOGS increased by 15. 56%, sales increased by 24. 29%. This, in my opinion indicates inventory stock (50 items), and fast moving inventor y (7days). i. Inventory Turnover=(COGS)/(Ave. Inventory) Inventory Turnover2007= 15,852/(270+346)/2=51. 047? 51 items Inventory Turnover2008= 21,334/(509+346)/2=49. 904? 50 items ii. Gross Profit Percentage=Gross Profit/Net Sales Gross Profit Percentage2007=8,154/24,006=0. 3397? 33. 97% Gross Profit Percentage2008=11,145/32,479=. 3431? 34. 31% iii. Average Days in Inventory=365/Inventory Turnover Average Days in Inventory2007=365/51=7. 16 days Average Days in Inventory2008=365/50=7. 3 days c) Apple is doing extremely well in terms of inventory turnover, which is one of the lowest in the industry only 7days . While a sizable inventory can be important to coping with sudden surges in demand, excessive inventory is wasteful and can exacerbate financial problems if a new product is introduced before old inventory is cleared. Inventory is increased from 346 million in 2007 to 509 million in 2008. Because the sales are increased too, therefore it is an indication of heavy business activities, rather than the problem with sale of existing products. Gross profit margin is flat for year 2007 and 2008 at 34%. 4)Property, plant and equipment: a)Apple Inc uses the straight-line method of depreciation based upon the asset’s estimated useful life. b)Asset Turnover=Net Sales/Ave total assets Asset Turnover2007=24,006/[(25,347+17,205)/2)]=1. 1283 Asset Turnover2008=32,479/[(39,572+25,347)/2]=1. 0006 c)PPE has increased in the last year by $632 million. The company has purchased PPE in 2007 in the amount of $735 million and $1,091 million in 2008. In 2008 Apple declared a loss on disposition of property, plant, and equipment for $22 million, which has increased by $10 million since 2007(12million) 5) Liabilities a)Apple’s liabilities are composed by short-term debt, Accounts Payable, Accrued Expenses, Long-term debt, non-current liabilities. The major current and non-current liabilities accounts for the years of 2007 and 2008 are shown in the table below: September 27, 2008 September 29, 2007_ Current liabilities: Accounts payable $5,520 $4,970 Accrued expenses 8,572 4,310 Total current liabilities 14,092 9,280 Non-current liabilities 4,450 1,535 Total liabilities 18,542 10,815 b)Ratios: i. Debt Ratio=Total Liabilities/Total Assets Debt Ratio2008=18,542/39,572=0. 468564 or 46. 86% ii. Debt to Equity=Total Liabilities/Stockholders Equity Debt to Equity2008=18,542/21,030=. 8817 iii. Times interest earned=Income before income taxes and interest expense/Interest Expense Times interest earned2008=6,275/ 0 c)Ratios for Microsoft’s for year ended 06/30/2008 i. Debt Ratio2008=36,507/72,793=0. 015 or 50. 15% ii. Debt to Equity2008=36,507/ 36,286=1. 0061 iii Times interest earned2006=22,492/0 These ratios are derived from Dillard’s financial statements that can be found on http://www. sec. gov/Archives/edgar/data/789019/000119312508162768/d10k. htm. Looking at Apple’s and Microsoft’s debt ratios, I can say that Microsoft’s debt ratio is 3. 29% higher, or it has 3. 29% more debt compared to its total assets. I think that 50. 15% indicates that Apple’s can be categorized a company of moderate risk level. Comparing Apple’s debt to equity ratio of . 8817% to Microsoft’s ratio of 1. 61%, I can tell that Apple’s are doing well, since it uses $. 88 derived from liability in addition to every $1 of equity in its business, taking advantage of the lower cost of debt for financing projects to relatively more expensive equity financing. Microsoft’s ration is only 0. 1793% lower, which indicates a normal debt ratio for Apple Inc. Comparing Apple’s ratio results to Microsoft’s, gives me the confidence to say that Apple’s liabilities fall into the industry’s average. 6)Stock price a)Yahoo Finance chart PRICE DateOpenHighLowCloseAvg VolAdj Close* Sep-08172. 40173. 50120. 68128. 439,370,800128. 24 Aug-08159. 90180. 45152. 91169. 5323,273,800169. 53 Jul-08164. 23180. 91146. 53158. 9533,096,200158. 95 J un-08188. 60189. 95164. 15167. 4434,281,100167. 44 May-08174. 96192. 24172. 00188. 7532,650,300188. 75 Apr-08146. 30180. 00143. 61173. 9538,841,700173. 95 Mar-08124. 44145. 74118. 00143. 5042,313,100143. 50 Feb-08136. 24136. 59115. 44125. 0246,645,400125. 02 Jan-08199. 27200. 26126. 14135. 3662,108,100135. 36 Dec-07181. 86202. 96176. 99198. 0831,771,400198. 08 Nov-07188. 60192. 68150. 63182. 2246,553,700182. 22 Oct-07154. 63190. 12152. 93189. 9537,438,400189. 95 Sep-07153. 44154. 60152. 75153. 4743,935,800153. 47 b)In my opinion there is a strong positive correlation between the two charts. There are several noticeable changes of Apple’s stock price over the last year. In October,2007 Apple’s stocks increases to $189. 95 from $153. 47in Sept. The increase was due people’ interest to get their hands on Mac OS X Leopard, the newest version of Apple’s operating system. After that since markets in general, and tech stocks in particular, were hit hard by poor earnings reports posted by Intel, Apple’s stock price dropped in first weeks of November. In the begging of January 2007 the stock dropped to $126. 14 after Jobs announced iphone sales to date of 4 million, and ATT said that only 3. 9 million were activated, which means 100,000 iphones still in their Christmas wrapping or more likely unlocked. The company’s stock decline in the first quarter was due to an antitrust suit which has been filed against Apple accusing the company of illegally maintaining a monopoly in the digital music market by failing to support Microsoft’s Windows Media Audio format. In May Stock reached $188. 55 because Apple reported its second quarter earnings, and its revenues of $7. 05 billion and a net profit of $1. 05 billion for the quarter. In second quarter Apple had slightly decreases and increases in stock value. On July 22, 2008 Apple reported its third quarter earnings results. The company earned $7. 46 billion during the quarter, a 37% increase from the same quarter 2007. Last month of the third quarter the company had a down tu rn to $ 120. 68 per stock. 7) Final Review I believe that the company has strong results in the industry that it operates. Compared to its direct competition, Apple Inc is doing well. I also believe that Apple Inc is trying to grow, and became a leader in consumer electronics market. Based on my analysis, I agree with the company’s strategy of increasing investment in Research and Development. Specifically, I suggest the sometime down the line after provider contracts are over and equipment and technology costs have gone down Apple should enter the wireless cellular provider arena. This would allow Apple to recoup all profits instead of sharing/splitting profits with the providers. Customer’s buy the hardware/phone at cost rather than the current model of wireless provider subsidized phones at the expense of expensive plans. They should offer a quality engineered, eco-friendly, workplace computer that is economically practical for corporations and large organizations. However due to Apple’s unique designing nitch and brand loyalty we feel they have the ability to capture a portion of the bottom market that has always wished to own an Apple without diluting its luxury products image. Apple Inc would do a lot better if it was not in the declining economic environment as of now. Increasing questions about Jobs’ health and lack of transparency into a succession plan are decreasing the company’s stability. Contrary of Wall Street’s expectations Apple reports earnings of $1. 61 billion ($1. 78 per share), which was up 2 cents a share from the year earlier period. Revenue also increased from $9. 6 billion to $10. 17 billion. With stock price of $102 â€Å"Apple Inc. shares have catapulted back atop the century mark today after brokerage firm FTN Equity upgraded the stock from â€Å"neutral† to â€Å"buy. â€Å"We now believe investors are more prepared for the Chief Executive taking a smaller role and we have not seen the multiple compression we expected,† wrote analyst Bill Fearnley, Jr. † I believe that by looking at the past performance of Apple, one can derive a future prognosis of Apple’s performance, bound to the industry development. I believe that an investor may want to buy Apple’s shares, since i t looks like it is a strong company, and take advantage of the current low stock prices. I also would recommend to an investor not to invest all of his money in Apple, because of the uncertainty of the market. How to cite Apple’s Financial Analysis Part 2, Papers

Intersectional Analysis of Bend It Like Beckham free essay sample

For this assignment, to make an intersectional analysis I decided to watch a movie. After searching and thinking for a while I picked the movie Bend it Like Beckham, since a lot of elements in this movie are applicable on my own life and I really could relate to one of the characters in the movie. As the title of the movie already implies, it is about football and takes place in England. Jesminder is a Sikh, Indian girl from a very traditional Indian family. She is not interested in fashion, boys and her looks; the only thing she is interested in is football. One time when she is playing in the park with her friends, who are all boys, Jules sees Jesminder play. Jules is an English, white girl who plays football. Jules askes if Jesminder wants to join the team, but Jesminder’s parents do not agree. She joins the team anyways and this causes a lot of friction in her own family. We will write a custom essay sample on Intersectional Analysis of Bend It Like Beckham or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Parminder Nagra, who is in her real life also a member of the Sikh religion, plays Jesminder. She grew up in England and from an early age on she wanted to become an actress. Her parents wanted her to finish her education first before she was allowed to start acting. Bend it Like Beckham was her breakthrough film and got her a role in the popular TV-show ER. Keira Knightley is the actress who plays Jules in the movie. She is a white woman, born and raised in England. She started acting at a very young age. Bend it Like Beckham was also her breakthrough movie and she has played in countless of popular movies since, for example Pirates of the Caribbean, Love Actually, Pride and Prejudice. The director of the movie, Gurinder Chadha, is a woman from Indian decent, who is also a member of the Sikh religion, was born in Kenya but grew up in London. She studied journalism and ended up working as a reporter for the BBC and quickly realized she wanted to direct movies and documentaries. Most of her films focus on the differences between Indian and English families and the inequality between them, mostly in a negative way for the Indians. Bend it Like Beckham is one of her most famous works. After describing the movie contents, the main actors and the director, I am going to apply intersectional analysis to this movie. Before starting the intersectional analysis the term intersectionality needs to be explained. Kimberle Crenshaw was the first person that mentioned the theory of intersectionality. This theory is a study that focuses on the different biological, social and cultural categories that define someone’s identity and place in society. All these categories are in relation with each other, for instance gender, class, race and sexual orientation combined define your place in society and sadly also the way people treat you. These so called axes all influence each other, there is not just one aspect that defines our place in society. Combinations of all the axes, the starting point of intersectionality, contribute to social inequality, such as racism, sexism, homophobia, but also religion-based discrimination. According to this theory the person who would be the most accepted is a white, straight male from a higher class. A black, gay woman from a lower class would take the lowest position in society, while a white, gay woman from lower class would stand above her, and a white, straight woman from lower class would even take a higher position in society. Now that I explained the theory of intersectionality I can apply it to the movie, but before I do that, I would like to make a point about football-movies in general, and also a point about the lead actresses of the movie. After watching this movie I decided to search for other movies about football. There are over hundreds of movies that focus on men’s football in one way or another, a team, the fans, a coach, but only a few movies, a total of seven, focus on girls that play football, and Bend it Like Beckham is the only one with the focus on a girl who is not white. This shows that football is a sport that is still very gender-based, despite the fact that in the Netherlands alone already 120. 000 girls play football. Also race plays an important part, because all the other movies about girl’s football focus on white girls, while I know from my own experience there are a lot of girls from different races who play football. I myself played football for seven years, and I played in a team where half of the girls were non-whites. I will focus on this later on. The second point I would like to make is that despite this movie is the breakthrough for both main characters, Keira Knightley and Parminder Nagra, Keira is way more successful than Parminder. I researched both their filmographies, and Keira got a lot of movie offers after this movie, while Parminder’s only offer was a role, not even a leading role, in the TV-show ER. Parminder played in a few small movies, and in every single one of them the focus was on her racial background, while Keira Knightley got very divers movie offers, from playing a pirate to an historical person. The fact hat the role offers for both women depend on their race shows that in this case Parminder has a lower position in the society. She has very limited choices to pick from, while Keira has, because of her white skin-color, more choices. With that being said I can focus myself on the movie itself. This movie really focuses on gender and ethnicity, but sexual orientation is also a big part of it. Footb all is still seen as a men’s sport, and these girls in the movies are automatically a minority because they play football. I myself have encountered the same problems as these girls. I am a white, straight girl living in a western country, but when I told people, that I played football, their reaction was always: ‘a girl who plays football? That is so weird! ’ And without their knowledge of my sexuality, quite often people assumed I was a lesbian because I played football. Without knowing any axes of my life, I was automatically put in a lower position, just because I am a girl who played football. This also is seen in the movie. Jules has short hair, wears baggy clothes and plays football, and her mother overhears a conversation between Jules and Jess about love, but she misinterprets it and thinks Jules is gay. The mother is very upset about her daughter being gay and when Jules tells she is not gay, the mother is very relieved and then says there is nothing wrong with being gay. Even though she says that, she is still happy her own daughter is in fact not a lesbian. This shows certain stereotypes towards girls that play football, have short hair and wear baggy clothes. Football is such a gendered sport that it automatically leads to sexism, thinking girls who play football must be lesbian because they play a men’s sport. Lesbianism is also seen as something less good than being straight, seeing the mother is relieved her daughter is not a lesbian. The coach of the team, a young, straight white man is ashamed to be the coach of a girl’s team. He had to stop playing football due to an injury, and he wanted to do something with football. He ended up coaching the girls team, but he has never told this to his father because he is afraid his father will get angry because ‘they’re just girls’. This also shows the gender-based thinking towards girls, but intersectionality becomes even clearer when race gets involved. When Jesminder first joins the team, the eaction of the coach is that he has never seen an Indian girl play football, and he is angry with Jules for bringing her to the team because he expects her to not be able to play football, because she is an Indian girl. He says this without even seeing her play. She turns out to be the best of the team. Without knowing anything about her he places her in a lower social position than white girls, just because of her race, and he already places himself above girls. During a match a girl from the opponent calls Jesminder names, a specific word being used is ‘Paki’, which is a swearword used towards people from Indian decent. Even though it’s a girl who calls Jesminder this and probably has experienced the same gender and sexism problems as the other girls in this movie, she still places herself above Jesminder in the social hierarchy, only because Jesminder is from a different race. A different scene that shows the lower position of Jesminder is when her parents want her to focus on school instead of football. They literally say she needs the highest grades possible for a good future because her chances for a good job are smaller than the chances of an average white girl, whose chances are again smaller than those of a white boy. This sentence alone shows her chances of a good future are gender and racial based. The class she will belong to when she’s an adult depends on how good her job is, which again depends on her gender and race. This thus shows that women who are not white almost automatically end up in the lower classes of the society. A white woman has more chances to end up in a higher class, but still has fewer chances than a white man. Jesminder would make more chances for a good job if she were an Indian boy, because then only race would be a problem, while in her case it’s race and gender. As I said, in my own football team were a lot of non-white girls, and all of them, at least they parents did, belonged to the lower class, while the white girls in my team, including myself, were from a higher class than they are. There is one point in the movie where the lower position of the male is seen. Her best friend, a boy named Tony, confesses to her he is gay, but she must promise him she will not tell anyone about this. In the Indian religion it is not acceptable to be gay, that is his reason not to tell anyone. But if he would be openly gay, his position on the social ladder would get lower, because he would be gay, Indian man. If Jesminder would be from a different ethnicity I do not think it would have made any changes for the movie. The main point is that a white skin colour in the western world means a higher place in society than any other skin colour. If Jesminder had been a lesbian it would have placed her even lower on the social ladder. This also applies for Jules , she is a white, straight female, so she is quite privileged in general, but I think if the director had made her a lesbian, the stereotypes towards girls that play football would be even clearer and also show more struggles of women in a society. Sexuality does play a part in the movie, since Jules’ mother thinks she is a lesbian, but yet she turns out to be straight. I think this movie really shows the importance of using intersectuality when it comes to determining someone’s position in the society. The struggles of girls that play football to be accepted playing a men’s sport and overcoming typical stereotypes are shown, just as well the struggles of an Indian football-playing girl being accepted in the western society. This movie shows that football is still a very gendered sport and that a girl’s choice to play football influences her position.