Political Elements in A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens

A Tale of Two Cities has many political elements in it, as the novel discusses the different monarchies in France and England. During this time period, which is set in 1775, France is under aristocratic rule and England was under a stable monarchy. France is beneath the rule of King Louis XVI and Marie-Antoinette. England is led by King George III and Queen Charlotte Sophia. In the novel, there is revolution occurring in France (1789 to late 1790s). An image of stable England is shown by using revolutionary France as a setting to point out the differences between the two countries. England is freer, while the French are under horrible poverty. The short and the long of it is, that I am a subject of His Most Gracious Majesty King George†¦show more content†¦In the novel, the social aspects are very prevalent. The Reign of Terror causes the people to be thirsty for blood. Once again, Madame Defarge shows this in the novel, because she wants revenge, and doesn’t care if innocent people have to die because of it. Tell the Wind and the Fire where to stop; not me! (Page 352), says Defarge. She and the other people of France are full of vengeance. People in France begin to flee to England for help. They are tired of living in fear. The Evremondes even refer to England as their refuge. Marriage seems to be out of love with the romance between Lucie and Charles Darnay. When Sydney Carton falls for her, it also seems to be out of love as he says, O Miss Manette, when the little picture of a happy fathers face looks up in yours, when you see your own bright beauty springing up anew at your feet think now and then that there is a man who would give his life, to keep a life you love beside you! (Page 159), say Carton to Lucie about his love for her. Not only is their more freedom with whom you marry but, women are also beginning to see light of some equality. This is also the time period of big intellectual reforms. The Enlightenment was a big influence on the Revolution, as it gave philosophes new ideas. John Locke had said that no king should have absolute rule. He also believed that there are natural rights of the people that should not be taken away. The French agreed with many of hisShow MoreRelatedA Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens Essay1393 Words   |  6 Pagescritical acclaim, A Tale of Two Cities occupies a central place in the cannon of Charles Dickens’ work. A Tale of Two Cities, published in serial form starting on April 30, 1859, is a historical fiction novel. A dominant theme in this historical novel is the duality found in many of Dickens’ characters. Dickens’ A Tale of Two Cities is somewhat autobiographical; emphasizes the key elements of theme, plot, and character; and has received extensive criticism. A Tale of Two Cities is told in three partsRead MoreA Social Morality Of The Victorian Age1355 Words   |  6 Pagesits highest point as a world imperial power. Industrialization and the reign of Queen Victoria (1837 to 1901) played a major role in England’s success. The overwhelming industrialization caused a population boom that changed England’s population from two million to six million people. The abundance of people created new social problems that the leading writers and thinkers would have to face and challenge. Such problems were often targeted towards the lower class which faced harsh working conditionsRead MoreThe Historical Context of A Tale of Two Cities2575 Words   |  11 Pages A Tale of Two Cities, by Charles Dickens, is a story set in the year 1775 and through the turbulent time of the French Revolution. It is of people living in love and betrayal, murder and joy, peril and safety, hate and fondness, misery and happiness, gentle actions and ferociou s crowds. The novel surrounds a drunken man, Sydney Carton, who performs a heroic deed for his beloved, Lucie Manette, while Monsieur and Madame Defarge, ruthless revolutionaries, seek revenge against the nobles of FranceRead MoreA Tale Of Two Cities By Charles Dickens1591 Words   |  7 PagesA Tale of Two Cities, the 1859 classic written by Charles Dickens, tells the story of two men who look similar, but have different characters, begins with the famous verbiage, â€Å"It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we hadRead MoreThe Victorians Concern With Morality1180 Words   |  5 Pagesof wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Charles Dickens). This quote helps to sum up the Victorian Era. The Victorian Era is understood to have existed during the rule of Queen Victoria between 1837 to 1901. It was thought to be an exciting period that saw various literary schools and artistic styles along with social and political movements. The period was also described to have led to swift developments and changes from advances inRead MoreVictorian Novel9605 Words   |  39 Pagesdates frame the period of Victorian literature, it is commonly accepted that it was the reign of Queen Victoria (1837-1901) that saw the novel emerge and flourish, all the more that the 1937 was the year when Dickens’ Oliver Twist, the first major work of fiction. The first readers of both, Dickens and Eliot were not conscious they lived in the ‘Victorian period’. They thought that this was a modern era marked with turbulent transition. However, the most crucial writers of the period grew up in the earlierRead MoreSherlock Holmes: A Marxist Deconstruction Essay example2110 Words   |  9 Pages’ † The tales bring to life a Victorian England of fogs, parasols and white linen and remind the reader that the Victorian age was also the age of the infamous Jack the Ripper. The genre of detective fiction in English is widely acknowledged to be the ‘invention’ of the American author Edgar Allen Poe. Conan Doyle paid his tribute to Poe’s character C. Auguste Dupin in A Study in Scarlet. The only major literary work in which mystery appeared as a sub-plot was Charles Dickens’ Bleak HouseRead MoreEssay Prompts4057 Words   |  17 PagesSolitude Catch-22 Othello Crime and Punishment The Scarlet Letter The Crucible Slaughterhouse-Five A Farewell to Arms Song of Solomon Ghosts The Stone Angel The Great Gatsby The Stranger Heart of Darkness A Tale of Two Cities The House of Mirth Their Eyes Were Watching God Jude the Obscure 2003 (Form A): According to critic Northrop Frye, â€Å"Tragic heroes are so much the highest points in their human landscape that they seem the inevitable conductors of theRead MoreLiterary Criticism : The Free Encyclopedia 7351 Words   |  30 Pagesoutline[edit] A Bildungsroman relates the growing up or coming of age of a sensitive person who goes in search of answers to life s questions with the expectation that these will result from gaining experience of the world. The genre evolved from folklore tales of a dunce or youngest son going out in the world to seek his fortune. Usually in the beginning of the story there is an emotional loss which makes the protagonist leave on his journey. In a Bildungsroman, the goal is maturity, and the protagonistRead More Causes of the French Revolution Essay2786 Words   |  12 Pagesâ€Å"Liberty, equality, fraternity, or death; - the last, much the easiest to bestow, O Guillotine!† -- Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities Reflect upon your lifetime. Was there ever a moment where you felt mistreated, or unequally represented? Maybe it’s that your boss listens to your other coworkers and not you. Or that you feel like the government is listening to corporative powers and not the people. Inequality fosters resentment. How would you feel if your voice wasn’t heard? The concept

Political Elements in A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens

A Tale of Two Cities has many political elements in it, as the novel discusses the different monarchies in France and England. During this time period, which is set in 1775, France is under aristocratic rule and England was under a stable monarchy. France is beneath the rule of King Louis XVI and Marie-Antoinette. England is led by King George III and Queen Charlotte Sophia. In the novel, there is revolution occurring in France (1789 to late 1790s). An image of stable England is shown by using revolutionary France as a setting to point out the differences between the two countries. England is freer, while the French are under horrible poverty. The short and the long of it is, that I am a subject of His Most Gracious Majesty King George†¦show more content†¦In the novel, the social aspects are very prevalent. The Reign of Terror causes the people to be thirsty for blood. Once again, Madame Defarge shows this in the novel, because she wants revenge, and doesn’t care if innocent people have to die because of it. Tell the Wind and the Fire where to stop; not me! (Page 352), says Defarge. She and the other people of France are full of vengeance. People in France begin to flee to England for help. They are tired of living in fear. The Evremondes even refer to England as their refuge. Marriage seems to be out of love with the romance between Lucie and Charles Darnay. When Sydney Carton falls for her, it also seems to be out of love as he says, O Miss Manette, when the little picture of a happy fathers face looks up in yours, when you see your own bright beauty springing up anew at your feet think now and then that there is a man who would give his life, to keep a life you love beside you! (Page 159), say Carton to Lucie about his love for her. Not only is their more freedom with whom you marry but, women are also beginning to see light of some equality. This is also the time period of big intellectual reforms. The Enlightenment was a big influence on the Revolution, as it gave philosophes new ideas. John Locke had said that no king should have absolute rule. He also believed that there are natural rights of the people that should not be taken away. The French agreed with many of hisShow MoreRelatedA Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens Essay1393 Words   |  6 Pagescritical acclaim, A Tale of Two Cities occupies a central place in the cannon of Charles Dickens’ work. A Tale of Two Cities, published in serial form starting on April 30, 1859, is a historical fiction novel. A dominant theme in this historical novel is the duality found in many of Dickens’ characters. Dickens’ A Tale of Two Cities is somewhat autobiographical; emphasizes the key elements of theme, plot, and character; and has received extensive criticism. A Tale of Two Cities is told in three partsRead MoreA Social Morality Of The Victorian Age1355 Words   |  6 Pagesits highest point as a world imperial power. Industrialization and the reign of Queen Victoria (1837 to 1901) played a major role in England’s success. The overwhelming industrialization caused a population boom that changed England’s population from two million to six million people. The abundance of people created new social problems that the leading writers and thinkers would have to face and challenge. Such problems were often targeted towards the lower class which faced harsh working conditionsRead MoreThe Historical Context of A Tale of Two Cities2575 Words   |  11 Pages A Tale of Two Cities, by Charles Dickens, is a story set in the year 1775 and through the turbulent time of the French Revolution. It is of people living in love and betrayal, murder and joy, peril and safety, hate and fondness, misery and happiness, gentle actions and ferociou s crowds. The novel surrounds a drunken man, Sydney Carton, who performs a heroic deed for his beloved, Lucie Manette, while Monsieur and Madame Defarge, ruthless revolutionaries, seek revenge against the nobles of FranceRead MoreA Tale Of Two Cities By Charles Dickens1591 Words   |  7 PagesA Tale of Two Cities, the 1859 classic written by Charles Dickens, tells the story of two men who look similar, but have different characters, begins with the famous verbiage, â€Å"It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we hadRead MoreThe Victorians Concern With Morality1180 Words   |  5 Pagesof wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Charles Dickens). This quote helps to sum up the Victorian Era. The Victorian Era is understood to have existed during the rule of Queen Victoria between 1837 to 1901. It was thought to be an exciting period that saw various literary schools and artistic styles along with social and political movements. The period was also described to have led to swift developments and changes from advances inRead MoreVictorian Novel9605 Words   |  39 Pagesdates frame the period of Victorian literature, it is commonly accepted that it was the reign of Queen Victoria (1837-1901) that saw the novel emerge and flourish, all the more that the 1937 was the year when Dickens’ Oliver Twist, the first major work of fiction. The first readers of both, Dickens and Eliot were not conscious they lived in the ‘Victorian period’. They thought that this was a modern era marked with turbulent transition. However, the most crucial writers of the period grew up in the earlierRead MoreSherlock Holmes: A Marxist Deconstruction Essay example2110 Words   |  9 Pages’ † The tales bring to life a Victorian England of fogs, parasols and white linen and remind the reader that the Victorian age was also the age of the infamous Jack the Ripper. The genre of detective fiction in English is widely acknowledged to be the ‘invention’ of the American author Edgar Allen Poe. Conan Doyle paid his tribute to Poe’s character C. Auguste Dupin in A Study in Scarlet. The only major literary work in which mystery appeared as a sub-plot was Charles Dickens’ Bleak HouseRead MoreEssay Prompts4057 Words   |  17 PagesSolitude Catch-22 Othello Crime and Punishment The Scarlet Letter The Crucible Slaughterhouse-Five A Farewell to Arms Song of Solomon Ghosts The Stone Angel The Great Gatsby The Stranger Heart of Darkness A Tale of Two Cities The House of Mirth Their Eyes Were Watching God Jude the Obscure 2003 (Form A): According to critic Northrop Frye, â€Å"Tragic heroes are so much the highest points in their human landscape that they seem the inevitable conductors of theRead MoreLiterary Criticism : The Free Encyclopedia 7351 Words   |  30 Pagesoutline[edit] A Bildungsroman relates the growing up or coming of age of a sensitive person who goes in search of answers to life s questions with the expectation that these will result from gaining experience of the world. The genre evolved from folklore tales of a dunce or youngest son going out in the world to seek his fortune. Usually in the beginning of the story there is an emotional loss which makes the protagonist leave on his journey. In a Bildungsroman, the goal is maturity, and the protagonistRead More Causes of the French Revolution Essay2786 Words   |  12 Pagesâ€Å"Liberty, equality, fraternity, or death; - the last, much the easiest to bestow, O Guillotine!† -- Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities Reflect upon your lifetime. Was there ever a moment where you felt mistreated, or unequally represented? Maybe it’s that your boss listens to your other coworkers and not you. Or that you feel like the government is listening to corporative powers and not the people. Inequality fosters resentment. How would you feel if your voice wasn’t heard? The concept

Political Elements in A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens

A Tale of Two Cities has many political elements in it, as the novel discusses the different monarchies in France and England. During this time period, which is set in 1775, France is under aristocratic rule and England was under a stable monarchy. France is beneath the rule of King Louis XVI and Marie-Antoinette. England is led by King George III and Queen Charlotte Sophia. In the novel, there is revolution occurring in France (1789 to late 1790s). An image of stable England is shown by using revolutionary France as a setting to point out the differences between the two countries. England is freer, while the French are under horrible poverty. The short and the long of it is, that I am a subject of His Most Gracious Majesty King George†¦show more content†¦In the novel, the social aspects are very prevalent. The Reign of Terror causes the people to be thirsty for blood. Once again, Madame Defarge shows this in the novel, because she wants revenge, and doesn’t care if innocent people have to die because of it. Tell the Wind and the Fire where to stop; not me! (Page 352), says Defarge. She and the other people of France are full of vengeance. People in France begin to flee to England for help. They are tired of living in fear. The Evremondes even refer to England as their refuge. Marriage seems to be out of love with the romance between Lucie and Charles Darnay. When Sydney Carton falls for her, it also seems to be out of love as he says, O Miss Manette, when the little picture of a happy fathers face looks up in yours, when you see your own bright beauty springing up anew at your feet think now and then that there is a man who would give his life, to keep a life you love beside you! (Page 159), say Carton to Lucie about his love for her. Not only is their more freedom with whom you marry but, women are also beginning to see light of some equality. This is also the time period of big intellectual reforms. The Enlightenment was a big influence on the Revolution, as it gave philosophes new ideas. John Locke had said that no king should have absolute rule. He also believed that there are natural rights of the people that should not be taken away. The French agreed with many of hisShow MoreRelatedA Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens Essay1393 Words   |  6 Pagescritical acclaim, A Tale of Two Cities occupies a central place in the cannon of Charles Dickens’ work. A Tale of Two Cities, published in serial form starting on April 30, 1859, is a historical fiction novel. A dominant theme in this historical novel is the duality found in many of Dickens’ characters. Dickens’ A Tale of Two Cities is somewhat autobiographical; emphasizes the key elements of theme, plot, and character; and has received extensive criticism. A Tale of Two Cities is told in three partsRead MoreA Social Morality Of The Victorian Age1355 Words   |  6 Pagesits highest point as a world imperial power. Industrialization and the reign of Queen Victoria (1837 to 1901) played a major role in England’s success. The overwhelming industrialization caused a population boom that changed England’s population from two million to six million people. The abundance of people created new social problems that the leading writers and thinkers would have to face and challenge. Such problems were often targeted towards the lower class which faced harsh working conditionsRead MoreThe Historical Context of A Tale of Two Cities2575 Words   |  11 Pages A Tale of Two Cities, by Charles Dickens, is a story set in the year 1775 and through the turbulent time of the French Revolution. It is of people living in love and betrayal, murder and joy, peril and safety, hate and fondness, misery and happiness, gentle actions and ferociou s crowds. The novel surrounds a drunken man, Sydney Carton, who performs a heroic deed for his beloved, Lucie Manette, while Monsieur and Madame Defarge, ruthless revolutionaries, seek revenge against the nobles of FranceRead MoreA Tale Of Two Cities By Charles Dickens1591 Words   |  7 PagesA Tale of Two Cities, the 1859 classic written by Charles Dickens, tells the story of two men who look similar, but have different characters, begins with the famous verbiage, â€Å"It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we hadRead MoreThe Victorians Concern With Morality1180 Words   |  5 Pagesof wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Charles Dickens). This quote helps to sum up the Victorian Era. The Victorian Era is understood to have existed during the rule of Queen Victoria between 1837 to 1901. It was thought to be an exciting period that saw various literary schools and artistic styles along with social and political movements. The period was also described to have led to swift developments and changes from advances inRead MoreVictorian Novel9605 Words   |  39 Pagesdates frame the period of Victorian literature, it is commonly accepted that it was the reign of Queen Victoria (1837-1901) that saw the novel emerge and flourish, all the more that the 1937 was the year when Dickens’ Oliver Twist, the first major work of fiction. The first readers of both, Dickens and Eliot were not conscious they lived in the ‘Victorian period’. They thought that this was a modern era marked with turbulent transition. However, the most crucial writers of the period grew up in the earlierRead MoreSherlock Holmes: A Marxist Deconstruction Essay example2110 Words   |  9 Pages’ † The tales bring to life a Victorian England of fogs, parasols and white linen and remind the reader that the Victorian age was also the age of the infamous Jack the Ripper. The genre of detective fiction in English is widely acknowledged to be the ‘invention’ of the American author Edgar Allen Poe. Conan Doyle paid his tribute to Poe’s character C. Auguste Dupin in A Study in Scarlet. The only major literary work in which mystery appeared as a sub-plot was Charles Dickens’ Bleak HouseRead MoreEssay Prompts4057 Words   |  17 PagesSolitude Catch-22 Othello Crime and Punishment The Scarlet Letter The Crucible Slaughterhouse-Five A Farewell to Arms Song of Solomon Ghosts The Stone Angel The Great Gatsby The Stranger Heart of Darkness A Tale of Two Cities The House of Mirth Their Eyes Were Watching God Jude the Obscure 2003 (Form A): According to critic Northrop Frye, â€Å"Tragic heroes are so much the highest points in their human landscape that they seem the inevitable conductors of theRead MoreLiterary Criticism : The Free Encyclopedia 7351 Words   |  30 Pagesoutline[edit] A Bildungsroman relates the growing up or coming of age of a sensitive person who goes in search of answers to life s questions with the expectation that these will result from gaining experience of the world. The genre evolved from folklore tales of a dunce or youngest son going out in the world to seek his fortune. Usually in the beginning of the story there is an emotional loss which makes the protagonist leave on his journey. In a Bildungsroman, the goal is maturity, and the protagonistRead More Causes of the French Revolution Essay2786 Words   |  12 Pagesâ€Å"Liberty, equality, fraternity, or death; - the last, much the easiest to bestow, O Guillotine!† -- Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities Reflect upon your lifetime. Was there ever a moment where you felt mistreated, or unequally represented? Maybe it’s that your boss listens to your other coworkers and not you. Or that you feel like the government is listening to corporative powers and not the people. Inequality fosters resentment. How would you feel if your voice wasn’t heard? The concept

The Unexplained Mystery Into Dissertation Hypothesis

The Unexplained Mystery Into Dissertation Hypothesis The 30-Second Trick for Dissertation Hypothesis It's just about making certain that you're asking the appropriate questions and wording your hypothesis statements correctly. If your dissertation is trying to answer one or more quantitative research questions, there are lots of factors you have to think about before getting started. It's possible to read about the subject or discover different kinds of finding the literature which will help you know more regarding this issue you would like to draw hypothesis from. The procedure for purchasing high-quality help with a dissertation hypothesis can't be easier! A dissertation can test an extremely extensive array of hypotheses, based on the discipline and focus of the writer. Seeking advice from experts about how to write dissertation hypothesis is a sure means of excelling. It buy assistance is a thing that comes in handy when a student is assigned to write a thorough researc h. 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Credit Risk Analysis of Cba free essay sample

1. KEYS TO SUCCESS Operating in the ever challenging banking industry in Australia, Commonwealth Bank of Australia (CBA) aims to succeed through focusing on 5 main strategic areas: Customer service CBA believes that customer satisfaction is pivotal in creating value. Over the years, it emphasised employee training to deliver top-notch services to customers. CBA aims to add over 1000 employees to serve their growing customer base over the next 4 years. [1] It has also been awarded numerous awards for its excellence customer satisfaction. [2] Business banking CBA aims to be the leader in total capital solutions. It introduced the contactless card payment facility and more user-friendly and reliable features in CommBiz to increase banking efficiency. [3] This increased its share of the total business lending market. [4] Technology and operational excellence CBA invested in Core Banking Modernisation as its new banking platform, and CommBiz, enabling 24-hour real-time banking and transaction. CBA also introduced the paperless end-to-end Home Loan process, improving cost efficiency. [5] Trust and team spirit CBA encourages staff participation while providing equal opportunity to all its employees.Staff turnover and absenteeism have declined significantly while average group satisfaction has increased. [6] Profitable growth through strategic management CBA focuses on its existing local customers while expanding internationally through a partnership with Vietnam International Bank, joint venture with China’s Bank of Communication and a branch opening in Mumbai, India. [7] 2. FINANCIAL RISK ANALYSIS In order to evaluate CBA’s financial performance, we will conduct an analysis on the financial statements, profitability, adequacy of future cash flows, and liquidity of CBA. 1. Interpreting the Financial Statements 1.Capitalisation and Leverage CBA has a current market capitalisation of $79,829M. With a substantial increase in leverage ratio from 2009 to 2010 as shown in Table 2. 1, CBA is a highly leveraged financial firm relying on a relatively thin slice of shareholder’s equity, $35. 2bn, to support $646,33bn in assets. 2. Profitability 1. Du Pont Analysis ROE measures the amount of profit generated by each dollar of equity. Its calculation is given by the formula below: ROE = Profit Margin (Profit/Sales) * Asset Turnover (Sales/Assets) * Equity Multiplier (Assets/Equity) As illustrated in Table 2. 2, CBA’s high net profit margin and low asset urnover, together with its highly leveraged position, contributed to the considerably high ROE over the last 3 years. Shareholder’s equity has also grown much faster than total asset from 2009-2010 implying that CBA is becoming more capital intensive. A peer analysis is shown in Table 2. 3. In maintaining the highest ROE of the three banks, NAB, Westpac and CBA, CBA became the most leveraged of the three. With the average cost of its funding rising and its increasing reliance on overseas funding, CBA is now bolstering its balance sheet and holding back dividend growth as part of its short-term plan. 3. Cash Flow AdequacyCash flow ratios are calculated in Table 2. 4. The large jump in CBA’s debt payback ratio of about 150% from 2009-2010 is a worrying sign. The debt payback ratio measures the proportion of debt to current period earnings. The ratio of 4. 13 is largely attributable to a 250% increase in short-term debt, due to a significant increase in the issuance of USD, EUR, and particularly GBP commercial paper, further aggravating the issue. Long-term debt increased by about 140%. The interest coverage ratio showed an improvement from 2009, a positive sign, particularly as the ratio reflects increasing earnings and decreasing interest expenses.With these mixed signals, we believe that CBA has barely adequate cash flows to meet its debt repayment and interest expense. 4. Liquidity Liquidity ratios are shown in Table 2. 5. The trend for the current ratio of CBA has been declining from 2008-2010. Although the decline has been slight, such a trend is cause for concern if it persists. Having a current ratio below 1 is also an extremely troubling sign as it indicates that CBA will not be able to meet its short-term obligations if they are demanded immediately. It also signals highly inefficient use of its current assets. CBA’s cash ratio is exceedingly low. Its ratio of 0. 021 would mean that CBA is able to pay only 2. 1cents for every dollar of its liabilities. Based on our analysis, CBA’s liquidity appears to be very poor. 3. CREDIT RISK ANALYSIS 0. 3. 1. Business Risk 3. 1. 1. SWOT Analysis Strengths CBA owns the largest propriety distribution network franchise in Australia. It has an extensive branch network, convenient 24-hours phone and internet banking, and an ATM network. CBA’s large scale and renowned brand enabled it to gain a strong market position in the banking industry and serve various customer segments.In order to remain competitive, CBA recognises customer satisfaction as its top strategic priority. [8] Weaknesses The acquisition of BankWest led to the decline of CBA’s capital ratio. During the Global Financial Crisis (GFC), CBA saw an increase in loan impairments that impacted on its profitability. With its sensitivity to the global economy, and its plans for international expansion, it is exposed to the growing uncertainty in the global market. [9] Opportunities The Australian superannuation industry is a growing market.With increasing demand for managed funds and superannuation products, total superannuation funds are expected to increase significantly in the near future. Australia’s economy is improving after the GFC and demand for financial services is likely to increase with it. As CBA strengthens its maturity structure, whilst significantly increasing capital and liquidity over the course of the crisis and into the future, it is well-placed to take advantage of any opportunities that arise. CBA is further tapping into the strengthening Asian operation with its Asian partnership and joint ventures in Vietnam and China. 10] Threats CBA’s image has been greatly affected by the collapse of Storm Financial, attracting publicity and regulatory scrutiny. CBA continues to face strong competition from Australia’s local and foreign banks. Intense competition has affected CBA’s profitability and market share. [11] 3. 2. Industry Risk We analysed the industry risk of CBA using the Porter Model, PEST Analysis and the Industry Life Cycle. 3. 2. 1. Porter Model The Porter Model incorporates five factors that determine the competition and thus profitability and attractiveness of an industry. Threat of new entrantsThe threat of new entrants is determined by barriers to entry. With its large size, CBA realises huge economies of scale that newcomers are unable to achieve. CBA has further established strong relationships with its suppliers and customers, reaching out to customers, for example, by developing a wide network of branches and ATMs located all around Australia, making it difficult for new entrants to match its level of service. The legal barriers are high in the banking industry. The industry is tightly regulated with legislation, such as the Banking Act 1959, enforcement agencies and licenses that are required to operate.Overall, we believe that the barriers to entry are high and the threat of new entrants is low. Threat of substitutes There are few product substitutes for the unique products the banking industry offers, such as bank loans and mortgages. Customers may be less willing to accept substitutes as well, as they may prefer to transact with big banks, such as CBA, with better reputation and which are perceived to be safer. The threat of substitutes is therefore, low. Bargaining power of suppliers There are various suppliers of funds to banks. Banks may draw on the interbank money market, borrow from the RBA and use its base of depositors’ funds.This reduces the overall bargaining power of suppliers as they substitute for each other. Each supplier, however, has varying levels of bargaining power. The RBA would have strong bargaining power compared to individual depositors who are weak due to the dispersed nature of the depositors’ base. We believe that the overall bargaining power of suppliers, under normal economic conditions, is medium. In times of high uncertainty, bargaining power of suppliers would increase as suppliers of funds seek to conserve their capital, resulting in a scarcity of funds and a liquidity crunch.Bargaining power of buyers Borrowers are interest rate sensitive to banking and financial products, increasing their bargaining power. Borrowers tend to make prepayments on mortgages in periods of low interest rates for example. However, not many competitors offer the same level of services and range of products as CBA. The Big 4 are the main players in the banking industry, resulting in less choice for customers and lowering their bargaining power. Overall, the bargaining power of borrowers can be said to be medium. Intensity of rivalryAn analysis of SP/ASX300 companies in the banking sector provides an indication of the industry growth rate. As seen from Table 3. 1, although growth is generally forecasted to slow down in the next two years, growth rates can still be considered high. Players in the industry may therefore seek to expand their market share by targeting the growing areas of the industry rather than compete for each other’s market share, reducing the intensity of rivalry. The lion share of the market is concentrated in the hands of four major players, who are relatively equal in terms of market positioning.This would add to the intensity of rivalry among the four big banks as they compete to maintain their market position. Further, there is a low degree of differentiation among the products offered by the banks and low switching costs for customers. Intensity of rivalry would thus be high as banks compete to retain their customers by for example, offering lower rates and fees than competitors. The overall intensity of rivalry in the industry is thus, high. In general, long-run profitability is attainable in the industry, making it attractive to outsiders.It is however, difficult for newcomers to penetrate the market and there are few substitutes that can replace the products offered by the industry. In conclusion, we believe that the banking industry is profitable, but competitive. CBA’s corporate strategy is to differentiate itself, as can be seen by the focus on customer service in its vision and presented strategy. [12] 3. 2. 2. PEST Analysis The PEST analysis evaluates several factors that impact on an industry and its future growth potential. Political Australia is a country with political stability and regulations and laws in place to monitor the banking industry.International requirements such as Basel II ensuring sufficient liquidity in banks applies to the banking and financial industry in Australia as well. The political risk is low. Economical Australia has a stable economy, especially as seen during the GFC where it emerged relatively unscathed. The latest economic figures signalled positive prospects for Australia. GDP growth was reported to be 3. 3% at an annual rate, surpassing 2. 9% forecasted by analysts. [13] Consequently, we believe that economical risk is low. Societal The education and income level of an individual is shown to materially influence the individual’s use of credit.Being a developed country where the population is largely well-educated, skilled and earning a reasonable level of income, the societal environment is favourable. Technological With recent advances in technology, such as the Internet, mobile technology and information technology, the impact of technology is now highly significant. Technology development has wide implications for banking operations, which has seen the introduction of online banking and ATMS. The industry focus on technological efforts is therefore intense. In general, we believe that the factors affecting the banking industry are stable and constructive.CBA operates in an environment conducive for its future growth. 3. 2. 3 Industry Life Cycle We believe that the banking industry is in the growth shakeout and consolidation phase. The industry is evidently growing, albeit at a slower rate, with reference to Table 3. 1, and is constantly changing. Many recent technological innovations had significantly revolutionised the way the industry operates. Banks would have to keep abreast with technological developments to take advantage of any future opportunities. The industry is also consolidating as evidenced by the recent mergers and acquisitions that have occurred, such as the merger between St.George and Westpac, and CBA and BankWest. There is potential for the industry to grow and expand, and for banks to increase their market share further. 3. 3. Management Risk The management of CBA is highly qualified and experienced. Ralph Norris, CEO and Managing Director, has a 30-year career in banking and was named New Zealands Executive of the Year twice. [14] The Board of directors is well-composed, with members having broad experience across various industries and knowledge and experience within the banking and finance industries.This would allow differing perspectives and insights to be shed on issues that the Board considers. All directors have a history of holding leadership positions in large companies and most have held directorships on listed companies. [15] CBA has a structured and comprehensive risk management framework that contributes to its effectiveness in handling risks. Risk Management is governed from the Board level where the Risk Committee oversees credit, market, and liquidity and funding risks among others while strategic risks are considered by the full Board.The Risk Committee is responsible for formulating CBA’s risk appetite, setting risk management policies and defining risk limits to manage exposure and concentrations. The Committee also monitors the health of CBA’s risk culture. [16] The executive remuneration framework includes financial measures such as Total Shareholder Return. [17] The Total Shareholder Return for a 10-year period is given in Figure 3. 1. Management performance may also be measured by other value-driven measures. Figure 3. 2 charts share prices against EPS. Table 3. provides the monthly share price history for the year. Finally, Figure 3. 3 shows the relative performance of CBA to the S/ASX 200 – Financials index for the past 6 months. The exhibits and table demonstrate that CBA has a history of performing comparatively well and consistently. It has shown dramatic improvements over the years and appears to have rebounded since the global crisis in 2008. 4. CREDIT QUALITY – EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Based on our credit risk analysis, which includes the financial risk analysis, we conclude that CBA has a stable financial structure and good credit quality.CBA continues to deliver good financial results with its strong balance sheet and healthy operating performance. CBA’s profit margin in 2010 is 75. 61%, a 3% increment from 72. 45% in 2009. CBA’s ROE also rose 2% from 38. 78% to 40. 94%. Compared to its peers, CBA achieved the highest ROE in 2009. Our business risk analysis for CBA identifies a number of opportunities that CBA is well-placed to take advantage of. The industry analysis demonstrates that CBA operates in a highly competitive and economically-sensitive market. The general macroeconomic environment in Australia is stable and conducive for growth.We have identified CBA to be in the growth shakeout and consolidation phase of the industry life cycle. The management risk is considered to be minimal for CBA as it has an experienced and highly qualified management team. CBA was rated AA by Fitch Ratings and Standard ; Poor’s with a stable outlook while Moody’s rated CBA as Aa1 with a negative outlook due to the current economic downturn. [18] With its strong market position and well performing financials and operation, we believe that CBA can continue to grow profitably and expand globally. APPENDIX Table 2. 1[19]: Leverage Ratio |? 2010 |2009 |2008 | |LEVERAGE RATIO | | |? | |Total debt (in Millions) | 107,039 | 62,894 | | | | | |55,778 | |Total equity(in Millions) | 35,201 | 31,426 | | | | | |27,428 | |Debt/ Equity Ratio |3. 4 |2. 00 |2. 03 | Table 2. 2[20]: CBA Cohort Year Analysis over 3 years |? |2010 |2009 |2008 |+/- (%) 09-10| |PROFITABILITY RATIOS DU PONT |$M |$M |$M | | |Net income |14,411 |12,186 |11,704 | | |Total Operating Income |19,059 |16,818 |14,341 | | |Profit Margin |0. 56126 |0. 724581 |0. 816122 | | |? | | |? | | |Total Operating Income |19,059 |16,818 |14,341 | | |Total asset |581,406 |565,100 |456,027 | | |Asset Turnover |3. 28% |2. 98% |3. 14% | | |ROA (Profit Margin*Asset Turnover) |2. 8% |2. 16% |2. 57% | | |? | | |? | | |Total asset |581,406 |565,100 |456,027 |2. 8% | |Total equity |35,201 |31,426 |27,428 |12% | |Total asset/Total equity (Equity Multiplier) |16. 517 |17. 982 |16. 26 | | | | | |? | | |Net income |14,411 |12,186 |11,704 | | |Total equity |35,201 |31,426 |27,428 | | |ROE (ROA* Equity Multiplier) |40. 94% |38. 78% |42. 67% | | Table 2. [21]: Industry Peer Comparison based on 2009 Financial Data |? |WBC |CBA |NAB | |DU PONT Analysis (2009) |$M |$M |$M | |Net income (Net Interest Income) |11,646 |12,186 |12,068 | |Total Operating Income |13,267 |16,818 |12,962 | |Profit Margin |0. 88 |0. 72 |0. 3 | |? | | |? | |Total Operating Income |16,505 |16,818 |12,962 | |Total asset |589,587 |565,100 |654,120 | |Asset Turnover |0. 03 |0. 03 |0. 02 | |ROA (Profit Margin*Asset Turnover) |2. 46% |2. 16% |1. 84% | |? | | |? |Total asset |589,587 |565,100 |654,120 | |Total equity |34,637 |31,426 |37,815 | |Total asset/Total equity (Equity Multiplier) |17. 02 |17. 98 |17. 30 | |? | | |? | |Net income (Net Interest Income) |11,646 |12,186 |12,068 | |Total equity |34,637 |35,047 |37,815 | |ROE (ROA* Equity Multiplier) |33. 2% |34. 77% |31. 91% | Table 2. 4[22]: Cash Flow Ratios |? |2010 |2009 |2008 | |CASH GENERATION CF RATIOS |$M |$M |$M | |Total debt |107,039 |62,894 |55,778 | |EBIT |25,904 |23,886 |24,890 | |Debt payback ratio |4. 13 |2. 3 |2. 24 | |? | | |? | |EBIT |25,904 |23,886 |24,890 | |Interest expense |18,603 |19,956 |19,667 | |Interest coverage (times) |1. 39 |1. 2 |1. 27 | Note: EBIT is calculated as Net profit before income tax with interest expense added back. Table 2. 5[23]: Liquidity Ratios ? |2010 |2009 |2008 | |LIQUIDITY RATIOS |$M |$M |$M | |Current Assets | | |? | |Cash and liquid assets |8,711 |9,684 |7,282 | |Receivables due from other financial institutions |9,766 |13,986 |6,731 | |Assets at fair value through Income Statement: | | |? |- Trading |18,775 |20,988 |19,168 | |- Other | |60 |274 | |Derivative assets |27,363 |25,536 |19,287 | |Available-for-sale investments |5,408 |5,826 |3,937 | |Loans, bills discounted and other receivables |105,879 |97,803 |92,205 | |Bank acceptances of customers |11,569 |14,726 |18,278 | |Other assets |4,390 |3,371 |3,833 | |Assets held for sale |49 |370 |412 | |Total current assets |191,910 |192,350 |171,407 | | | | | | |Current Liabilities |? |? |? |Deposits and other public borrowing |307,844 |305,170 |240,871 | |Payables due to other financial institutions |12,422 |14,942 |17,625 | |Liabilities at f air value through Income Statement|3,953 |2,578 |1,893 | |Derivative liabilities |23,689 |29,442 |19,367 | |Bank acceptances |11,569 |14,726 |18,278 | |Current tax liabilities |1,016 |835 |708 | |Other provisions |660 |404 |469 | |Debt issues |39,644 |15,852 |16,208 | |Bills payable and other liabilities |10,651 |7,883 |6,236 | |Total current liabilities |411,448 |391,832 |321,655 | |? | | |? | |Current ratio (Current assets/Current liabilities)|0. 47 |0. 9 |0. 53 | |? | | |? | |Cash ratio (Cash and other liquid assets/Current |0. 021 |0. 025 |0. 023 | |liabilities) | | | | | | | | | Table 3. 1: Bank Sector Analysis [pic] Source: FinAnalysis Note: Forecasts figures are supplied by Thomson Financial, other data is from the latest annual accounts. Figure 3. 1: 10-Year Total Return [pic] Source: FinAnalysis Figure 3. 2: Price against EPS [pic] Source: FinAnalysis Table 3. : Monthly Price History from Jan – Oct 2010 |Date |Open |High |Low |Close |Volume | |01/10/2010 |Â   |Â   |Â   |50. 90 |Â   | |30/09/2010 |Â   |Â   |Â   |51. 17 |Â   | |31/08/2010 |Â   |Â   |Â   |50. 30 |Â   | |30/07/2010 |Â   |Â   |Â   |52. 56 |Â   | |30/06/2010 |Â   |Â   |Â   |48. 4 |Â   | |31/05/2010 |Â   |Â   |Â   |51. 37 |Â   | |30/04/2010 |Â   |Â   |Â   |58. 51 |Â   | |31/03/2010 |Â   |Â   |Â   |56. 29 |Â   | |26/02/2010 |Â   |Â   |Â   |53. 92 |Â   | |29/01/2010 |Â   |Â   |Â   |53. 23 |Â   | Source: FinAnalysis Figure 3. 3: Relative Performance of CBA to S/ASX 200 – Financials [pic] Source: FinAnalysis - [1] CBA Results Presentation for full year ended 30 June 2010, Slide 13. [2] CBA Annual Report for full year ended 30 June 2010, Pg 4. [3] CBA Annual Report for full year ended 30 June 2010, Pg 5. [4] CBA Institutional Banking and Markets dated March2010, Slide 4. [5] CBA Annual Report for full year ended 30 June 2010, Pg 5. [6] CBA Institutional Banking and Markets dated March2010, Slide 6. [7] CBA Annual Report for full year ended 30 June 2010, Pg 5. [8] Datamonitor CBA SWOT Analysis Report dated March 2010. [9] Datamonitor CBA SWOT Analysis Report dated March 2010. [10] Datamonitor CBA SWOT Analysis Report dated March 2010. 11] Datamonitor CBA SWOT Analysis Report dated March 2010. [12] Commonwealth Bank of Australia, http://www. commbank. com. au/about-us/our-company/strategy/default. aspx, accessed 4 Oct 2010. [13] SMH, 1 Sep 2010, Australias economic growth accelerates, http://www. smh. com. au/business/australias-economic-growth-accelerates-20100901-14mad. html, accessed 4 Oct 2010. [14] Commonwealth Bank of Australia, http://www. commbank. com. au/about-us/our-company/management/default. aspx, accessed 4 Oct 2010. [15] CBA Annual Report for full year ended 30 June 2010, Pg 65. [16] CBA Basel II Pillar 3 Disclosure as at 30 June 2010, Pg 13. [17] CBA Annual Report for full year ended 30 June 2010, Pg 72. 18] CBA Annual Report for full year ended 30 June 2010, Pg 10. [19] Data extracted from the 2010 Full Year Annual Report of the Commonwealth Bank of Australia. [20] Data extracted from the 2010 Full Year Annual Report of the Commonwealth Bank of Australia. [21] Data extracted from UNSW Library FINANALYSIS database using 2009 financial data for Westpac, National Australia Bank and Commonwealth Bank of Australia as 2010 Annual Reports are not yet released for Westpac and NAB. [22] Data extracted from the 2010 Full Year Annual Report of the Commonwealth Bank of Australia. [23] Data extracted from the 2010 Full Year Annual Report of the Commonwealth Bank of Australia.

Study Guides Essay Example For Students

Study Guides Essay A study guide is a teaching aid designed to help students develop reading skillsneeded to enhance their comprehension of the material is the textbook. Studyguides can be very helpful to students who have low comprehension skills. Astudy guide will ensure that the student will focus their attention on what isimportant for them to learn. The study guide has to be relevant to the test thatwill be given. Many teachers will assign a specific reading for the class andmany of the students may not adhere to the teachers request. A study guide willreinforce the reading material. A study guide that is prepared without theanswers will force a student to do the reading. A study investigated the use ofstudy guides as instructional tools and compared the effectiveness of studyguides with and without analogies. Seventy-four undergraduate students in threeupper division education classes studied three passages about three obscurereligions (Manichaeism, Jainism, and the Druze religion) with and witho ut theaid of two types of studyguides. One study guide analogized the religions toChristianity, and one did not employ analogies. Both study guides were writtenin multiple-choice, short answer, and essay format. Within each class, studentswere randomly divided into three groups for comparison, and each subject wasgiven all three passages to study in different sequences, studying one passageper treatment condition. Results revealed a significant interaction between textand treatment, but with a small effect size. Results also revealed: (1) that theManichaeism text produced scores significantly different from the combination ofDruze and Jainism scores across all three treatments; (2) that the Manichaeismstudy guide treatments produced scores significantly different from those of theother two treatments; and (3) that the Druze analogical study guide treatmentproduced scores significantly different from those of the other treatments, butthat the Jainism analogical study guide treatment was not significantlydifferent from the other two treatments. A study explored whether the use of astudy guide would improve students comprehension of content area material. Twogroups of students in an eighth grade social studies class were involved:students in the control group received the usual instructionthe chapter wasread orally and discussed in classwhile students in the experimental samplewere given a study guide, skimmed the material silently, and worked on theexercises in groups of two or three. A posttest on history revealed nostatistically significant differences between the scores of the two groups. However, since both time and the amount of material were limited and since noinformation is available regarding the reliability of the method used, theresults of this study can be applied only to these two samples. Reading in thecontent areas from grades four through twelve requires the integration of newknowledge with what is already known,that involves sophisticated skills . Contentarea teachers must be aware of, model, and teach those reading and study skillsthat help students to better comprehend their reading assignments. Somestrategies that have been used successfully to train students to acquireinformation on their own include the use of prediction guides, advanceorganizers, graphic organizers, study guides, and glossing. In most of thestudies that I read, the use of a study guide improved most of the test scores. We will write a custom essay on Study Guides specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Study guides are a useful tool that can be used in any content area to enhance astudents learning. The idea behind study guides is that students can use them asmodels of how to plan their own scheme of work. They are meant to primarily tobe an initiation to self-direction. A survey was administered to 10th-graderegular biology students to diagnose the cause for low achievement on chaptertests. Survey results verified teacher suspicion that students did not readtextbook assignments when designated as homework and, as a consequence, thisdeficiency contributed to low achievement scores. A treatment included requiringadditional homework in the form of a teacher-prepared Reading Study Guide (RSG)that accompanied each chapter and had to be completed while students read theassignments. To complete the individualized RSG, students were unable to skimthe material but, instead, had to read the assignments thoroughly. Uponcompletion of the RSG, a pretest was administered and learning activities relative to the chapter objectives were presented, followed by a posttest. Clozetest results indicated improvement in student ability levels. Posttest scoresincreased significantly and the overall grade average on the RSG surpassedexpectations. During treatment, cloze test results disclosed that studentability levels were not equivalent to reading stanine levels. Overall resultsprovided evidence

My Internship Abroad Finland Essays

My Internship Abroad Finland Essays My Internship Abroad Finland Essay My Internship Abroad Finland Essay I was very excited for the internship in Finland, Jarvenpaa. I heard so much about the internship and the people there, so I had high expectations. We heard about the houses and how they where working there, I got excited, and I could not wait to go to Finland. I did not hear a lot about the city itself; I searched it up with my dad. We saw the campus and al the youth houses. I thought it was looking very good; I hoped that they were close to each other. So we did not have to walk or bike so far, back and forth to our campus. The one thing I surely knew was: it was cold, very cold. That was my first impression of Jarvenpaa. It was also so nice, there was snow everywhere. It was like a super nice winter wonderland, it was like a fairy-tale to me. I also had never seen such a big supermarket that sells everything you need in and around your house, that was overwhelming. I love how the trains works so easily in here, the train tickets also. What I was hoping for to learn in the youth houses was; how did they work there, do they work like special youth workers? What kind of youth was visiting the houses? How can I be in contact with the kids (because one of the girls who went to Finland the year before we did said that it was hard to make contact with the youths because it was a total different culture). And I wanted to learn about the Finnish culture. I think I can say I’ve accomplished all of these things by now. How do they work in the youth houses: in my opinion they work totally different, they are more like normal youth workers. What is totally fine because I love the way how it is in the youth houses here. It so calm and fun to be around the colleagues and kids. What kind of youth visits the youth houses: that’s the question every evening, you will never know who shows up at the youth houses, that’s what makes it so much fun. The kids are very diverse, at every house there are different kids. No evening is the same. How ca

50 Synonyms for Idea

50 Synonyms for Idea 50 Synonyms for â€Å"Idea† 50 Synonyms for â€Å"Idea† By Mark Nichol What’s the big idea? Or, more appropriately, what kind of idea is it? Many ways of expressing the idea of an idea await your consideration; here’s an extensive but not necessarily comprehensive list (including other connotations and meanings of the various synonyms): 1. Abstraction: a theoretical idea; also, the process of abstracting, the condition of being disassociated, an abstract work of art, or the quality of being preoccupied 2. Apprehension: the act or quality of becoming aware or grasping a meaning; also, the act of arresting someone or to a sense of foreboding 3. Assumption: a statement taken for granted; also, the act of taking for granted that something is true, or taking something on or laying claim to it, or arrogance or pretension 4. Belief: something held to be true or proper; also, a conviction that something is true, or the state of mind in which someone places confidence in someone or something 5. Brain wave: see brainstorm; also, variations in voltage in the brain, and resulting electrical currents 6. Brainchild: an idea or product one has thought up or created 7. Brainstorm: A sudden idea; also, a brief bout of insanity 8. Caprice: a sudden change in an idea or way of thinking; also, a whimsical inclination, or a lively musical composition 9. Chimera: a fantasy or unrealistic idea; also, an imaginary or mythological creature with anatomical features of various animals or biological phenomena involving genetic diversity in a single organism 10. Cogitation: a distinct idea; also, the act of thinking, or the capacity to do so 11. Cognition: the result of a mental process; also, the mental process itself 12. Conceit: an imaginative idea, or an idea held to be true or appropriate; also, excessive self-regard, a complicated or far-reaching metaphor, a theme, or a fancy trinket 13. Conception: an idea, or the result of abstract thinking; also, the forming or understanding of ideas, the body of ideas that constitute one’s understanding of something, or a beginning or the process of beginning pregnancy 14. Conclusion: an idea formed based on consideration, or a judgment or inference; also, a result or the act of bringing something to an end, or of deciding or summing up a legal case 15. Conjecture: an idea inferred or supposed, or reached by deduction; also, something that has yet to be proven or disproven 16. Conviction: a strongly held idea; also, the state of mind of someone who firmly holds an idea as true, or the act of finding someone guilty of a crime or the state of being found or having been found guilty 17. Delusion: an idea that is mistaken or misleading; also, the act of state of having false ideas, or holding such a false idea as a symptom of mental illness 18. Fancy: see primary definition of whim; also, liking for something, or imagination 19. Freak: see primary definition of whim; also, a strange event, person, or thing, or a person who is enthusiastic about or obsessed with something 20. Guess: an idea one has based on initial or incomplete information 21. Hallucination: an idea or sensory phenomenon produced by a drug or a mental disorder 22. Hunch: see intuition; also, a bulge or lump 23. Hypothesis: an unproven idea assumed to be true as a basis for experimentation or investigation 24. Illusion: see the primary definition of delusion; also, a misleading phenomenon, or the fact or state of being misled 25. Image: a mental picture, or an idea one is able to envision based on words; also, a depiction or picture, the ideal depiction of someone or something based on propaganda or publicity, or someone who closely resembles another 26. Impression: an uncertain or vague idea; also, the act of pressing something into a medium or material to make an outline of it, or producing a figurative equivalent in someone’s mind, or the literal or figurative result of such an action, or an imitation, for the purposes of entertainment, of a well-known person 27. Inspiration: an imaginative idea or feeling; also, something that prompts or is the product of such an idea or feeling, the quality or state of this condition, or the prompting of emotion or thinking, or the act of breathing in 28. Intellection: the act of thinking or reasoning 29. Intuition: an idea based on a sudden realization, or on feeling without conscious thinking 30. Kink: see the primary definition of whim; also, an unusual or clever approach, an eccentricity or fetish, a curl, twist, or other imperfection, or a cramp 31. Mind’s eye: the ability to envision ideas or depictions, or the product of this ability 32. Notion: an idea or understanding that may be imaginative or speculative; also, something believed to be true or appropriate, or, in plural form, practical personal or hygienic items 33. Observation: an idea based on awareness or notice; also, adherence to a custom, principle, or rule, the act of seeing or thinking about something or the ability to do so, the gathering of information or evidence, or the state of being noticed or watched 34. Opinion: a statement or idea one holds to be true or appropriate; also, a judicial statement summarizing a decision about a case 35. Perception: an idea based on noticing; also, awareness, or the ability to understand 36. Phantasm: a misleading idea; also, a fantasy, a ghost, or an illusion 37. Picture: a mental image; also, a copy, depiction, or image, an exemplar, or a set of circumstances 38. Preconception: an idea assumed before careful consideration 39. Prejudice: an idea or feeling of dislike or animosity about someone or something; also, wrong done to someone 40. Premonition: an idea or feeling of impending action or occurrence 41. Prepossession: see the primary definition of prejudice; also, an obsession with one idea or thing 42. Presentiment: see premonition 43. Reflection: an idea formed, or a comment made, after careful thinking; also, the act of careful thinking, or something that causes a negative response, or the return of light or sound waves from a surface, the creation of such a phenomenon, or the phenomenon itself 44. Speculation: consideration of what may be true or what may happen; also, a risky investment with potential for great profit, or the act of investing in this manner 45. Supposition: an idea based on preliminary consideration, or one that someone believes 46. Surmise: see guess 47. Theory: an unproven idea, or one presented for consideration; also, a group of ideas or principles 48. Thought: an idea formed in one’s mind; also, the act of thinking, a way of thinking, or an intention, or consideration or the power to consider 49. Vagary: an odd or unpredictable idea 50. Whim: an unusual and perhaps sudden idea; also, a rotating drum or shaft Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Passed vs PastItalicizing Foreign WordsHow Do You Fare?

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Parsuasive speach - Essay Example Scientists point to the fact that the soil on organic farms is much healthier than on farms using chemical fertilizers. Healthy soil is rich in nutrients that can be taken up and stored by the fruits and vegetables. We gain these nutrients when we consume the organic food. Another reason organically raised fruits and vegetables are superior to others is the lack of environmental damage they cause. Organic food is raised in a manner that prevents herbicides, pesticides and chemical fertilizers from polluting the soil and water. When powerful insecticides such as DDT enter the ecosystem, they can do tremendous harm to animals. Farm workers have died from handling strong herbicides incorrectly. And just think, we are eating these chemicals on our food! Organic food is better for the environment in all of these ways. Finally, organic and sustainable agriculture does not take more from the earth and the earth can naturally produce. Non-sustainable agriculture uses many gallons of furl to produce a single bushel of wheat, corn or rice. Using heavy machines is unsustainable because eventually our petroleum reserves will be used up. Growing food in a sustainable ensures that our food supply will be safe for many generations to come. We will not need to depend on oil or oil producing nations in order to feed ourselves. In conclusion, I believe you will agree with me when I say that organic fruits and vegetables are superior to others in many ways. By eating them you are eating a more nutritious, sustainable and environmentally friendly

Discuss the arguments for and againts the reform of the international Essay

Discuss the arguments for and againts the reform of the international trading systems in general and the World Trade Organisationvin particular - Essay Example There has been greatest movement of resource to other countries and most of the companies have gone international. This has been a positive development in the business world as more and more companies in the world embrace e the concept of global operation. (Cancun 2003, p. 3) International trade can be described as trade between nations. This can be described as trade between national in different continents or it can mean trade between one neighbouring nations. International trade is the trade that happens beyond the boundaries of a continents and which in particular involves the subjects of that country. Unlike domestic trade that it controlled by the government, International trade is subject to the control of world and it comes with more regulation than the domestic trade International trade has been used as a yard stick for measuring the transparency and governance of a nation by the international community. In the recent past the wave of globalization has made it difficult for one a country to live as an island and the economic systems are moving more towards a dependency market structure. Globalization has brought about a cycle of dependency in which a country is depending on other for as structured by the world economic systems. This has been one of the reasons why international trade has become very important to the whole world. globalization has opened countries to the scrutiny of the international community and the world trade system has been used to force nations hat have been seen as deviating from the world economic system in order to force them to conform to world policies. One of the most important way in which world trade has been used to streamline the operation of nations is on mater that concerning respect of human rights. As we said earlier globalization has been characterized by opening of national police to the whole world and hence there is a scrutiny on how a nation is respecting issue of human rights and other.

Evidence-Based Practice & Applied Nursing Research Essay Example for Free

Evidence-Based Practice Applied Nursing Research Essay Type of Sources / Appropriateness of Sources / Classification of Sources American Academy of Pediatrics and American Academy of Family Physicians article regarding acute otitis media is a filtered resource. It is an appropriate source for nursing practice because; it establishes clinical guidelines to diagnose and manage AOM. It also establishes guidelines when to treat the signs and symptoms of AOM, watchful waiting, or to treat with an antibiotic. This article is classified as an evidence based guideline because, it reviews multiple research literatures in a systemic manner and provides recommendations of practice. Block’s Causative Pathogens article is an unfiltered resource. It is an appropriate source for nursing practice because it provides the clinician with the most recent and up to date research on the topic. The article is primary research evidence because; its researchers acquired the data first hand. Kelly’s article regarding Current pediatric diagnosis and treatment is a general information resource. This article is not appropriate for clinician use because it only provides basic general background. It does not guide the clinician in diagnosing and treatment. McCracken’s article in the Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal is an unfiltered resource. It is an appropriate for nursing practice because it supports established guidelines and shows what will happen with continued antibiotic use. This is an evidence summary article because it lists all of the important information and the evidence supporting it. The last source of evidence is interviews with parents. This type of source is considered a general information resource. It is appropriate because, the interviews give firsthand experience of onset and signs and symptoms of AOM. This source of classifications is none of the listed. â€Å"Acute otitis media (AOM) is the most common infection for which antibacterial agents are prescribed for children in the United States. As such, the diagnosis and management of AOM has a significant impact on the health of children, cost of providing care, and overall use of antibacterial agents (AAFP, 2004).  Watchful waiting can have many benefits for the children and the provider if used properly. Diagnosing AOM can be tricky. The signs and symptoms can also be related to other illnesses such as an upper respiratory virus. Throwing antibiotics at any illness use to be the course of action. However, now that there is evidence that bacteria have become resistant to some antibiotics, clinicians are testing out other means of treating illnesses. If the child presenting with symptoms of AOM has no underlying conditions and has means to follow up with the doctor if the symptoms progress, watchful waiting is an appropriate app roach for treating the child. According to the research, placebo controlled trials have shown that children have responded well without antibacterial intervention. Giving the opportunity for the illness to resolve without antibacterial intervention not only benefits the child but, the caregivers and the clinician. It benefits the child by not being exposed to antibiotics that are not needed, therefore creating a potential resistance to that antibiotic. It benefits the caregiver by not spending money on a medication their child does not need. Last, it benefits the clinician by preventing resistance to an antibiotic that may be useful in the near future. Watchful waiting is only appropriate if the patient meets the guidelines of uncomplicated AOM, assurance of a follow up if necessary, and access to antibiotics if symptoms progress or worsen. The findings in the AAFP article can be applied in many ways to improve nursing practice in a healthcare setting. The article provides evidence based guidelines on how to properly diagnose AOM and the typical signs and symptoms. It establishes the three criteria the patient must exhibit for a certain diagnosis of AOM. If the patient does not meet the certain criteria, it guides the clinician to continue to assess the patient for another illness, such as an upper respiratory virus. Proper diagnosis will improve clinician treatment and care of the patient. The article also includes a descriptive chart on how to assess and manage pain associated with AOM. It lists for the clinician the recommended medications, remedies, and agents for the clinician to utilize to manage pain. It also lists the effectiveness and the side effects. This will help improve nursing care by implementing the proper medication and or remedies to the patient with the highest effectiveness and the least amount of side effects. The article also very clearly identifies when watchful waiting is  not appropriate and what antibiotics should be prescribed and the usual dosage. This information is helpful to nursing practice by helping the clinician distinguish what patient is suitable for watchful waiting or antibiotic therapy. Another way the article improves nursing practice is, that the article provides information on how to prevent AOM and reoccurrence. This information can be used to help educate patient’s caregivers on ways to prevent AOM and reoccurrence. Ethical issues always arise when it comes to healthcare, especially when it comes to children. When conducting an evidence based research, there is a high likelihood of exposing the child to potential danger, illness, and adverse reactions. The first ethical issue is; is it even right to subject a child to research if there is a high likelihood of helping other children. That is something for the children’s parents to decide. However, it is the responsibility of the researchers to fully explain the process, potential side effects, potential danger, and any other concerns to the parents. It also the responsibility of researchers to determine if the parents have the capability to comprehend the information and the risk of the research. Not doing so would be unethical and could tarnish the results of the research. Another major ethical dilemma that comes with involving children in research is that the children do not have the capability of making that decision themselves. Research should be a voluntary thing and not left up to someone else to decide. However, when it comes to children that is not an option. The ethical problem is should the child be subjected to potential harm because of the parents’ willingness to allow it. The needs to be guidelines established prior to the start of the research that regulate the risks that the child might be subjected to. The risk should be very minimal with a very high benefit. Involving children in any type of evidence based research can be very tricky and has the potential of bringing up multiple ethical issues. It is the researcher’s responsibility to ensure the child is protected, not exposed to unneeded harm, and the caregivers are knowledgeable of the risk factors and are competent enough to make an informed decision. Besides ethical issues, there are other issues that need to be taken into consideration when research involves children. Vulnerable populations, such as low income families, families with different cultural backgrounds, and families with insufficient education can be at risk when it  comes to research involving children. For an example, low income families may not have the opportunity to participate in evidence based research because they might not fit certain criteria. In the AAFP research, in order for the child to be a candidate of the watchful waiting, they had to have means of a follow up appointment. For low income families, coming to the doctor multiple time may not be option. Financially they may not be able to afford, parents may not be able to get time off from work, or have means of transportation for a follow up appointment. These circumstances may subject the child to unneeded antibiotic treatment simply because the patient is unable to follow up with the doctor. Also, families with a cultural difference may not fully understand the benefits or risks of allowing their child to participate in this research. Without informed consent, the results of the research are tarnished and run the risk of jeopardizing the study. Informed consent when it comes to research involving children is extremely important for validity of a project and prevents any ethical problems. Any research involving children can be extremely tricky and should be held to the highest ethical standards and involve minimal risk to children. References American Academy of Pediatrics and American Academy of Family Physicians. (2004.) Clinical practice guideline: Diagnosis and management of acute otitis media. Retrieved from http://aappolicy.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/pediatrics;113/5/1451 Block, S. L. (1997). Causative pathogens, antibiotic resistance and therapeutic considerations in acute otitis media. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 16, 449–456. Kelley, P. E., Friedman, N., Johnson, C. (2007). Ear, nose, and throat. In W. W. Hay, M. J. Levin, J. M. Sondheimer, R. R. Deterding (Eds.), Current pediatric diagnosis and treatment (18th ed., pp. 459–492). New York: Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill. McCracken, G. H. (1998). Treatment of acute otitis media in an era of increasing microbial resistance. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 17, 576–579.

Use of language and Word Choice in My Last Duchess Essay -- Robert Bro

‘My Last Duchess’ by Robert Browning is a dramatic monologue in which the Duke of Ferrara is discussing the matter of a dowry with an emissary sent by a Count. The use of dramatic monologue allows the poet to subtly reveal the personality of the persona to the reader. The language used by the speaker allows the poet to evoke strong emotions in the reader. The reader is given an early insight into the personality of the Duke in the very first line of the monologue: ‘That’s my last Duchess painted on the wall’ This early impression portrays the Duke as a very sophisticated man with a wealth of knowledge in art. This impression is continued when he mentions the very artist who painted the Duchess, ‘Fra Pandolf’. However, even at this early stage there are some hints that the Duke may not be all that he claims to be- the use of the word ‘My’ is very possessive, perhaps suggesting that the duke sees the Duchess as no more than an object. Furthermore the use of the word ‘Last’ implies that there have been many Duchesses and that the eponymous individual is just the most recent, suggesting that the Duke may be dishonest. This aspect of the persona’s character is confirmed later in the monologue, when the Duke says: ‘She liked whate’er she looked on And her looks went everywhere’ Here the Duke is challenging the morality of the Duchess, clearly suggesting that she has been unfaithful to him, showing his jealousy. This jealousy is aimed principally at Fra Pandolf, who he thinks is trying to seduce his fiancà ©e. This seems quite absurd to the reader as Fra Pandolf is a religious man and so this suggests that the Duke is a deeply insecure and extremely jealous persona. Of course this insecurity even... ... Then all smiles stopped together’ The use of the word ‘commands’ here yet again shows the possessive nature of the Duke and the alliteration in the phrase ‘smiles stopped’ emphasises it, which makes the awfulness of the Duke’s actions clear to the reader. Even the use of the personal pronoun ‘I’, something which is used repeatedly towards the end of the poem, emphasises the superficiality of the Duke and this leaves the reader feeling nothing less than hatred for him. In his dramatic monologue ‘My Last Duchess’, Robert Browning successfully uses language, particularly word choice to gradually reveal the character of the Duke of Ferrara. The reader starts off being slightly unsure about the Duke but this quickly turns to hatred as he describes the murder of the Duchess. This revelation of character make the poem exciting and very enjoyable to read.

China’s Renminbi: “Our Currency, Your Problem” Essay

Our Currency, Your Problem is a case involving the issue of exchange rate regimes and the impact currency manipulation has on economies and trade. The United States and Europe argued that the Renminbi (RMB) was undervalued and claimed that the People’s Bank of China (PBoC) deliberately manipulated the exchange rate to lower the prices of exports, which caused the US and Europe to run huge trade deficits with China. The US and Europe felt that the RMB was undervalued for several reasons. One reason is that China’s exports had dramatically increased, growing 30% from 2004 to 2005, making China the third largest exporter in the world and accounting for 6.5% of the world’s export. Another argument was that China’s inflow of FDI had become the second largest in the world by 2004. The Chinese argued that their currency was not undervalued, that the policy of the PBoC benefited the US by helping them finance its huge budget, that even though they ran trade surpluses with the West they ran deficits with Asian countries, and that a low currency rate benefited multinational companies investing in China. Meanwhile, Japan and the newly industrialized economies (NIEs) including Taiwan and South Korea were less vocal than the US and Europe because they had become so economically linked with China. They had invested themselves in China, thus an undervalued RMB would maintain operating cost low. Additionally, Japan and the NIEs ran trade surpluses with China and received essentially most of the benefit of value added process trade with China. When choosing an exchange rate regime, countries can operate between two primary exchange rate systems. The first is a fixed exchange rate where the currency is strongly fixed to another value or â€Å"pegged† within a particular band and the rate is adjusted from time to time to stay within the defined or pegged range. The second is a floating exchange rate where the rate is allowed to depreciate or appreciate based on the market. Both of these systems have advantages and disadvantages. A fixed exchange rate regime will offer an economy greater stability in international prices and therefore encourage trade. Additionally, for developing countries a fixed rate will assist in promoting institutional discipline as the country will adopt restrictive monetary and fiscal policies that foster an anti-inflationary environment. A significant weakness of a fixed rate is that it is subject to destabilizing speculative attacks which could lead to financial meltdowns and devastating economic contractions. A floating exchange rate regime allows central banks to combat macroeconomic factors such as unemployment, inflation, and interest rates without having to worry about the effect on exchange rates. However, developing countries whose economies depend on trade will be reluctant to allow their exchange rates to fluctuate freely. In 1994 the Chinese government made the decision to peg the RMB to the US dollar at a rate of US$1 to RMB8.7, a year later the Renminbi appreciated 5% and was revalued to RMB8.28. This rate would remain unchanged for the next 10 years, even though the Chinese faced heavy scrutiny and pressure to revalue their currency. The Chinese exercised many policies in maintaining their exchange rate. The PBoC controlled the amount of foreign currency by forcing all exporters to immediately sell their foreign currency to designated banks. The RMB could only be traded on the China Foreign Exchange Rate Trade System, which was exclusive to the designated banks. Furthermore, China mandated daily foreign reserves to total reserves ratios forcing the member banks to either buy or sell foreign reserves. After absorbing foreign currencies in circulation, the PBoC reinvested these funds in US treasury bonds and stockpiled US debt in order to maintain the peg to the US dollar against natural market forces. Maintaining an undervalued exchange rate also allowed China’s economy to continue to grow. Foreign Direct Investment in China grew from $4.4B a year to $63B a year from 1991 to 2006. For every one dollar earned China would put 8RMB into circulation. This over supply of RMB also maintained the RMB artificially low. However, over time this policy of excess money could lead to inflation. China combatted inflationary pressures by issuing bonds thus removing excess RMBs and by imposing tighter liquidity ratios on banks. On July 2005 China reluctantly reformed their exchange rate regime. The renminbi was revalued by 2.1% to RMB8.11 to the US dollar. The peg to the US dollar was dropped and replaced by a peg to a basket of currencies. However the basket was predominately represented by the USD, the Euro, and the Yen. Despite this reform the US continued to lead international efforts in pressing for greater acceleration of the renminbi’s revaluation as trade deficits with China continued to increase. The Chinese claimed that if a major revaluation took place, such as 15%, it would level their exports causing a contraction in exports. Such dramatic measures would surely have an impact on international trade. For example, the US would see their trade deficit shrink; while Japan and NIEs would see their exports decrease. Therefore I think that China should address their revaluation in a conservative but yet progressive approach. Forcing a major economy to do a one-time 10%, 15%, or 20% revaluation could have damaging and unwanted consequences to a fragile world economy.

Make Recommendations for Improving Your Health Education Campaign Essay

The health education topic which I choose is sun awareness. I choose this campaign because more people are going on holidays and using sun beds and not being aware of the dangers and what it can cause. The 2009-10 National Skin Cancer Awareness Campaign is targeting to as low as 14-40 years as research has shown that these ages are still getting sun burnt each weekend in summer, and cumulative exposure to ultra violet radiation over your lifetime and episodes of sunburn increase the risk of skin cancer. This is because people can now afford to go on holidays more often and are not using sun cream and covering up. Also people at the age of 18 are now using sun beds more often because appearance means a lot to people at that age. They are becoming more self conscious about themselves and are using sun beds to get a quick, cheap and easy tan. My s. m. a. r. t objectives for skin cancer is SunSmart Policy to: Increase the knowledge and awareness of skin cancer. Assist to develop strategies that encourage responsible decision making about skin protection, including not sun baking. Work towards a safe school environment that provides shade for students and staff. Encourage students, parents, teachers, and staff to wear protective clothing, sunglasses, hats and sunscreen during high risk times such as lunch times, sports, excursions and camps. Ensure that parents are informed of the school’s SunSmart policy. Sun protection and skin cancer awareness programs are incorporated into the Health and Physical Education areas of the school curriculum. Wear the correct protection Clothing when out in the sun. The school is working towards increasing and/or maintaining shade in its grounds, particularly in areas where students congregate eg. Lunch, canteen, decking areas. Also to start showing the dangers of the sun and sun beds and try not to advertise sun beds. To try and make people follow these objectives I could make people aware of the dangers by showing them horrific pictures of skin cancer and the affects of sun burn. By showing them these images it would stick in there head and they would try and stop in taking a stupid amount of UV. By making videos of people with skin cancer could make them aware of how dangerous the sun is and using sun beds are. Also how the skin is affected by the sun by making you age. I think for my choice of approach I would make a presentation to a group of people making them aware of the causes of skin cancer. by doing this each person which intakes the awareness would hopefully tell there friends and the friends would tell other people which would make it a on going process to eventually people would realize the dangers. Hopefully this will help them adapt to sun smart and how important it is to just listen. The media which im going to choose posters, leaflets and games. This is a effective way to promote my campaign. There fun always full with bright colors and easy to understand. I think this is a good idea for my age range audience as its to 14-40. I think they will understand my media well and hopefully it will get to them. I will show pictures on my posters which are eye catching. These could be what a skin cancer mole looks like. Hopefully the audience will be educated by this and know what there looking for. I will also show badly burned people, this will scare the audience and make them use more sun cream and cover up. My game will be easy to use and fun. It will give someone good knowledge of skin cancer and the sun smart campaign and what’s it all about.

Thomas Woodrow Wilson Essays - Presidency Of Woodrow Wilson

Thomas Woodrow Wilson Essays - Presidency Of Woodrow Wilson Thomas Woodrow Wilson Thomas Woodrow Wilson, twenty-eighth president of the United States, might have suffered from dyslexia. He never could read easily, but developed a strong power of concentration and a near-photographic memory. The outbreak of World War I coincided with the death of Wilson's first wife Ellen Axson, who he was passionately devoted to. Seven months after her death his friends introduced him to Edith Bolling Galt, a descendant of the Indian princess Pocahontas, they were married nine months later. By 1912 times were good for most Americans. Farmers were enjoying their most prosperous period in living memory, the cost of living rose slightly, unemployment was lower than it had been for several years, and working conditions were improving. By 1913 when Wilson was inaugurated, American industries were in a flood of consumer goods, including automobiles, telephones, and movies. However, Wilson almost did not appear on the presidential ballot, the leading contender for the Democratic nomination was House Speaker Champ Clark. It took 46 ballots before the delegates swung to Wilson. In the election, the Republicans were split between Taft and Roosevelt, almost guaranteeing a Democratic, and Wilson victory. He sought ways to build patriotism and to reshape the federal government to govern the nation more effectively. Wilson was a conservative, in his books and articles, he often displayed hostility to reformers and rebels. Although Woodrow Wilson is mostly remembered for his success in foreign affairs, his domestic reform and leadership abilities are notable as well. Commemorated by the public mainly for his success in guiding the nation during it's first great modern war, World War I, for getting out of the Mexico/Philippine muddle inherited from ex-president Taft, and for his dream of ending the threat of future wars through the League of Nations, Wilson is also admired for his domestic successes, which represented the Progressive Era of reform. Diplomatically, as well as domestically these events illustrate Wilsons competent leadership skill. Woodrow Wilsons nomination was strongly opposed by the progressives but he eventually passed much of their domestic reforming legislation. The progressive movement backed by Wilson called for some government control of industry and for regulation of railroad and public utilities. Among its other goals were the adoption of primary elections and the direct election of United States senators. Wilson called Congress into special session to consider a new tariff bill, he personally delivered his legislative request to Congress. Moved by Wilson's aggressive leadership, the House swiftly passed the first important reform measure, the Underwood Tariff Bill of 1913, which significantly reduced the tariff for the first time in many years and reflected a new awareness that American businesses were now powerful enough to compete in the markets of the world. In the end the Underwood Tariff had nothing to do with trade but the importance was the income tax provision (later the 16th amendment) which would replace the revenue lost when duties were reduced. It also showed that America was powerful enough to compete without protection from the government. As Congress debated the tariff bill, Wilson presented his program for reform of the banking and currency laws. The nations banking system was outdated, unmanageable, and chaotic. To fix this Wilson favored the establishment of a Federal Reserve Board with presidentally appointed financial experts. The Board would set national interest rates and manage a network of twelve major banks across the country. These banks, which would issue currency, would in turn work with local banks. Congress passed the Federal Reserve act basically in the form the President had recommended. Amendments also provided for exclusive governmental control of the Federal Reserve Board and for short term agricultural credit through the reserve banks. This was one of the most notable domestic achievements of the Wilson administration which modernized the nations banking and currency systems, laying the basis for federal management of the economy and providing the legal basis for an effective national banking system. The final major item on Wilsons domestic agenda was the reform of big business. Big businesses worked against the public by fixing prices and restraining competition. Business and politics worked together, and Wilson sought to stop that. Determined to accept big business as an inevitable, but to control its abuses and to maintain an open door of opportunity for "the genius which springs up from the ranks of unknown men,"1 Wilsons hoped to curb big business. He thought that government should intervene in the regulation of business, and that it was essential to control corporate behavior to prevent corporations from stifling opportunities for creative and ambitious people. Business

Leon Trotsky - Communist Writer and Leader

Leon Trotsky - Communist Writer and Leader Who Was Leon Trotsky? Leon Trotsky was a Communist theorist, prolific writer, leader in the 1917 Russian Revolution, the peoples commissar for foreign affairs under Lenin (1917-1918), and then head of the Red Army as the peoples commissar of army and navy affairs (1918-1924). Exiled from the Soviet Union after losing a power struggle with Stalin over who was to become Lenins successor, Trotsky was brutally assassinated in 1940. Dates:Â  November 7, 1879 August 21, 1940 Also Known As:Â  Lev Davidovich Bronstein Childhood of Leon Trotsky Leon Trotsky was born Lev Davidovich Bronstein (or Bronshtein) in Yanovka (in what is now Ukraine). After living with his father, David Leontyevich Bronstein (a prosperous Jewish farmer) and his mother, Anna, until he was eight years old, his parents sent Trotsky to Odessa for school. When Trotsky moved to Nikolayev in 1896 for his final year of schooling, his life as a revolutionary began to take shape. Trotsky Introduced to Marxism It was in Nikolayev, at age 17, that Trotsky became acquainted with Marxism. Trotsky began to skip school in order to talk with political exiles and to read illegal pamphlets and books. He surrounded himself with other young men who were thinking, reading, and debating revolutionary ideas. It didnt take long for the passive talks of revolution to metamorphose into active revolutionary planning. In 1897, Trotsky helped found the South Russian Workers Union. For his activities with this union, Trotsky was arrested in January 1898. Trotsky in Siberia After two years in prison, Trotsky was brought to trial and then exiled to Siberia. At a transfer prison on his way to Siberia, Trotsky married Alexandra Lvovna, a co-revolutionary who had also been sentenced to four years in Siberia. While in Siberia, they had two daughters together. In 1902, after serving only two of his four years sentenced, Trotsky decided to escape. Leaving his wife and daughters behind, Trotsky was smuggled out of town on a horse-drawn cart and then given a forged, blank passport. Without thinking long on his decision, he quickly wrote the name of Leon Trotsky, not knowing that this would be the predominant pseudonym he used for the rest of his life. (The name Trotsky had been the name of the head jailor of the Odessa prison.) Trotsky and the 1905 Russian Revolution Trotsky managed to find his way to London, where he met and collaborated with V. I. Lenin on the Russian Social-Democrats revolutionary newspaper, Iskra. In 1902, Trotsky met his second wife, Natalia Ivanovna whom he married the following year. Trotsky and Natalia had two sons together. When news of Bloody Sunday in Russia (January 1905) reached Trotsky, he decided to return to Russia. Trotsky spent most of 1905 writing numerous articles for pamphlets and newspapers to help inspire, encourage, and mold the protests and uprisings that challenged the tsars power during the 1905 Russian Revolution. By late 1905, Trotsky had become a leader of the revolution. Although the 1905 revolution failed, Trotsky himself later called it a dress rehearsal for the 1917 Russian Revolution. Back in Siberia In December 1905, Trotsky was arrested for his role in the 1905 Russian Revolution. After a trial, he was again sentenced to exile in Siberia in 1907. And, once again, he escaped. This time, he escaped via a deer-pulled sleigh through the frozen landscape of Siberia in February 1907. Trotsky spent the next ten years in exile, living in various cities, including Vienna, Zurich, Paris, and New York. Much of this time he spent writing. When World War I broke out, Trotsky wrote anti-war articles. When the Tsar Nicholas II was overthrown in February 1917, Trotsky headed back to Russia, arriving in May 1917. Trotsky in the New Government Trotsky quickly became a leader in the 1917 Russian Revolution. He officially joined the Bolshevik Party in August and allied himself with Lenin. With the success of the 1917 Russian Revolution, Lenin became the leader of the new Soviet government and Trotsky became second only to Lenin. Trotskys first role in the new government was as the peoples commissar for foreign affairs, which made Trotsky responsible for creating a peace treaty that would end Russias participation in World War I. When this role was completed, Trotsky resigned from this position and was appointed the peoples commissar of army and navy affairs in March 1918. This placed Trotsky in charge of the Red Army. The Fight to Be Lenins Successor As the new Soviet government began to strengthen, Lenins health weakened. When Lenin suffered his first stroke in May 1922, questions arose as to who would be Lenins successor. Trotsky seemed an obvious choice since he was a powerful Bolshevik leader and the man whom Lenin wanted as his successor. However, when Lenin died in 1924, Trotsky was politically outmaneuvered by Joseph Stalin. From that point on, Trotsky was slowly but surely pushed out of important roles in the Soviet government and shortly thereafter, he was pushed out of the country. Exiled In January 1928, Trotsky was exiled to the very remote Alma-Ata (now Almaty in Kazakhstan). Apparently that wasnt far away enough, so in February 1929, Trotsky was banished from the entire Soviet Union. Over the next seven years, Trotsky lived in Turkey, France, and Norway until he finally arrived in Mexico in 1936. Writing prolifically during his exile, Trotsky continued to criticize Stalin. Stalin, on the other hand, named Trotsky as the major conspirator in a fabricated plot to remove Stalin from power. In the first of the treason trials (part of Stalins Great Purge, 1936-1938), 16 of Stalins rivals were charged with aiding Trotsky in this treasonous plot. All 16 were found guilty and executed. Stalin then sent out henchmen to assassinate Trotsky. Trotsky Assassinated On May 24, 1940, Soviet agents machine-gunned Trotskys house in the early morning. Although Trotsky and his family were home, all survived the attack. On August 20, 1940, Trotsky was not so lucky. As he was sitting at his desk in his study, Ramon Mercader punctured Trotskys skull with a mountaineering ice pick. Trotsky died of his injuries a day later, at age 60.