Development Of Islamic Calligraphy Theology Religion Essay Essays

Improvement Of Islamic Calligraphy Theology Religion Essay Essays Improvement Of Islamic Calligraphy Theology Religion Essay Improvement Of Islamic Calligraphy Theology Religion Essay Prior to the coming to of Islam, the utilization of creation was extremely least in Arab World. The discernment of writing and poesy was spread from oral cavity to talk. This example may result in the Arab universe capacity of growing such a confounded at this point graceful phonetic correspondence today. Be that as it may, when Islam showed up, there was a criticalness adjustment in the way individuals conveyed. The confidence trusters ( for example the Muslims ) attempted to happen a way to enter the guidelines from the Koran. On the other hand of using verbal imparting which may result in individuals unknowingly changed the substance of the Koran, or more terrible, adjusted it, they utilized creating in books and humanistic controls to enter within informations of the Koran. Subsequently, despite the fact that the example of origin was one time non noteworthy for individuals to pass on, the example turned into an implicit technique in disseminating the guidelines of Islam a while later. Thusly, the use of forming to proceed with the Koran verses and guidelines was consistently evolved by the Muslims and in this way, turned into a visual craft of most noteworthy order[ I ]. This turn of events, along these lines, empowered individuals who have neer included or communicate in craftsmanship, could make so by means of handwriting. From so onwards, the Islamic handwriting could be seen, either sacredly or imaginatively, on structures like mosques, graves or tributes and as adornments on ordnances, coins, and glass products. Islamic handwriting has since had numerous aims from the medium to circulate Koran directions to high terminal ability works. The Islamic handwriting shows numerous creative purposes of positions. For delineation, the lines must be sinuate and unit of ammo in signifier and rich in the movements of the shots that they should give the sentiment of being alive to the individuals who take a gander at the Hagiographas[ two ]. Not simply in music an d poesy that they need to hold beat, Islamic handwriting does each piece great. The lines shaped must go with effortlessness and beat, and every shots and bends adjusts itself in impeccable balance. Therefore, it is verifiable that the Islamic handwriting is the best creative achievement in Islamic civilization[ three ]. The most punctual way of making for the replicating out of the Koran was the Kufic until tenth century A.D. The Kufic has been changed into numerous signifiers and vacillations for the replicating of the Koran. It was so proceeded until the twelfth century A.D. what's more, after which was superceded by some different habits like the Naskh. The Kufic Style Kufic was named after the town Kufa, where this way of making previously got an official position. This official affirmation gave the restrictiveness for this way to be utilized in forming the Koran. Kufic is striking precise and olympian. This way, it is anything but difficult to recognize this structure by identifying the utilization of enormous even and short opposite lines. The flat lines are typically multiplied in simple, focusing both the even arrangement of the book and the book. Regularly, the all-encompassing even bit of an individual word can take up an entire line in the Koran. In its rough organizations, the kufic way does non incorporate diacritical Markss that may do incorrect readings among the perusers, all things considered, in later turn of events, the kufic way was so joined with Markss to isolate characters. As expressed previously, there are numerous signifiers and changes of Kufic way. The initial 1 is foliated kufic. As such, the verticals end down the middle palmetto[ four ], and the finishing up letters in each word is stretched vertically stoping in a palmetto on ramifying into foliages. The leafing is farther stressed by environing the book with a worr ied type of foliages ( Fig. 1 ) . There is other than a comparative kind of kufic called the Floriated kufic with solitary little contrasts ( Fig. 2 ) . Fig. 1 Foliated Kufic way Fig.2 a frieze with Floriated Kufic lettering of a Koran verse Another sort of kufic is the plaited kufic, which is increasingly well known for corrective goals. As such, the opposite pieces of the letters were plaited into mind boggling ties ( Fig. 3 ) . This sort of kufic is ordinarily utilized building adornment despite the fact that non limited to that map, it is other than observed in numerous textures and floor coverings. This kufic is progressively readable contrasted with different signifiers even on the most muddled meshes. One more vacillation to the kufic way creation is the set kufic ( figure 4 ) . This is perhaps the hardest kufic way to be perused. This way is regularly controlled and misrepresented in approaches to suit for ornamentation aims. The set kufic can be seen in about each inside structure of mosques or other otherworldly buildings, which letterings are ordinarily verses of the Koran. Fig 3. Plaited/Knotted Kufic way Fig 4. A Bent Kufic way enhancement at a mass of a mosque In spite of the fact that there are numerous sorts of kufic during the initial two centuries of Hijra age, yet the advancement of kufic into any corrective signifier was least. The way used to create the Koran was in straightforward kufic ( Fig. 5 ) . In any case, as the clasp went on, some Arabic improved the kufic way and do it increasingly restorative by incorporating diacritical focuses and checks ( Fig. 6 ) . For forming shrewd, the kufic itself contrasts from the others. The uniqueness lies on how kufic has a regular dimensional connection between the opposite and flat parts. Henceforth, for the corrective components to the kufic way, the calligraphist may include foliage, cringle, or some other geometrical figures to the letters, and the flat lines so fall in every note to sort out a sentence. In this manner, the kufic way was formed into an extremely restorative way that made it extremely difficult to be utilized in scripting the Koran. At that point the longhand, less rakish , and less corrective way was acquainted and created by calligrapher with supplant kufic in making the Koran. This way is known as the Naskh way. Fig. 5 Kufic in Early Koran ( without diacritical Markss ) Fig.6 Kufic in the Koran with diacritical Markss The Naskh Style The naskh way varies from its first, the kufic. On the other hand of being rakish, this way is progressively cursive and unit of ammo. Its general belongingss speak to the cursive kufic relaxed to more extensive bends and more liberated expanses[ V ]( Fig. 7 ) . This way, unreasonably, is increasingly completed as it has fused all the components that kufic way has. It created the impression that this way has itself so natural developed as a corrective origin, which makes the getting it together becomes craftsmanship, complexity to the kufic where the initiation is ornamented to work the workmanship expectation. Naskh way other than plays out a general aim of Islamic handwriting that is to demo to perusers the intrigue contained in the shots and bends in anticipation of a cosmopolitan supplication of the beguiling and charitable movements. Naskh characters were created in numerous signifiers in numerous states. Its unique birth topographic point was in Baghdad during the time of Abbas id calif[ six ], and was spread out to the full Islamic handwriting universe. Its most punctual signifier can be found in the word Maghribe ( Fig. 8 ) from the western part of the universe and was attracted directly from the first origin kufic way. The naskhy Maghribe initiation can be seen on dedications in Samarkand, Istanbul, and different pieces of the western universe. There are other than other naskh way handwriting in the eastern universe like in cardinal Asia, Arabia, Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, and India. This eastern naskh way needs to it a more extensive extent of hover border with the inclining shots flung fleetly into the signifier of Shikasta [ seven ]( Fig. 9 ) . Strangely, the improvements in the numerous states along these lines delivered numerous other naskh habits. Thulth, Riqa, Zulf-e-Aru s, Gulzar, Taus, Larza, and Manshur are different kinds of naskh with progressively restorative and corrective touch. Fig. 7 Naskh way Calligraphy Fig. 8 Maghreb verse in naskh way Fig. 9 Naskh way calligraphy-Shikasta The Incorporation of Decorations Enrichments are consolidated in the handwriting for some goals. The initial 1 is to do the Hagiographas progressively restorative. By incorporating enrichments like seriphs, leaflike vegetal adornments, or some diacritical imprints will do the Hagiographas increasingly alluring and engaging towards the perusers. In Thulth way for representation, which is another signifier of Naskh, the shots of the words take the signifier of sticker and bends are fluxing like H2O ( Fig. 10 ) . These enrichments can be found in commemorations, graves, and so forth. Enrichments are other than clear in Riqa and Gulzar habits. The previous shows a smooth fluxing gave like a snake or conduit while the last nowadayss restorative lines that take after blossoms ( Fig. 11 ) and type of invigorate creatures like Inachis io ( Fig. 12 ) . In add-on, there is one particular sharp naskh way of forming called the Tughra way. This way is actually utilizes the sentences from Koran and makes them into the types of wi nged animals, Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelams, and so forth aside from the un-clean vivify resembling feathered creature of Minerva or hoard. In this way, then again of making the verses out of Koran in the conventional way like naskh or kufic, by enhancing, the Hagiographas of verses have something that attracts individuals taking care of it, in spite of the fact that the Hagiographas may non be needfully be neat, this a decent first measure to introduce the guidelines of Islam to the individuals who may entrance to cognize more. The second aim is to differentiate the devout. The adornments that are fused in the Hagiographas are mass in the position to respect or uplift the Holy Koran. In spite of the fact that, there is no existent grounds on that announcement, one can conclude from the represen

Black People and Prejudice Essay

â€Å"Ahhhhhhhh! † I screeched and bounced for delight the second I dropped the telephone. I hurrily hastened over to my mother to share the news. â€Å"Mommy, I landed my first position! † This was the venturing stone to me being an autonomous young lady. I was formally utilized at Hollister Co. as a business model. I was happy and eager to bring in some cash at the youthful age of 15. My first week was unquestionably a learning experience; from figuring out how to keep up a money recorder to collapsing huge amounts of polos and pants. Before long through this excursion, it began to get mixed. With a quarter of a year of being utilized, my works day were lessening from 4 moves every week to 1 move seven days. As I took a gander at the calendar postings for the week, I saw a pattern with the planning of the movements. Amusingly, the vast majority of the representatives that were working more hours and more moves were white females. I figured it may have something to do with the way that my chief is a white surfer-kid who is beguiled by sea shore blonde delights. Anyway that didn't prevent me from requesting that he put me on the calendar more. Tragically, I disdain the day I had asked him. Lamentably, he felt that I didn’t have the â€Å"natural beachy look† that Hollister Co. was attempting to see. I am of Malaysian not too bad and have tan skin shading. Hearing that unquestionably wounded my conscience and made me hesitant about my appearance. I felt this was a strategy for me to stop, thus I did. Throughout the months I start to understand that at last there will be individuals on the planet that have a viewpoint of life that I can't appear to change. I had understood this was not my issue; it was his very own judgment that drove him to believe that. I was dealt with along these lines in light of what I looked like not on who I am. Numerous individuals have attempted to clarify the thinking of why individuals are biased and victimize each other. Two readings that are eye-openers about bias are â€Å"Causes of Prejudice† and â€Å"C. P. Ellis. † In the exposition, â€Å"Causes of Prejudice,† the creator Vincent N. Parrillo clarifies the explanations behind bigotry and separation in the United States. Which carries us to Studs Terkel’s paper â€Å"C. P. Ellis,† he discloses to us the narrative of C. P. Ellis, a previous Klansmen who claims he is not, at this point bigot. With Parrillo’s paper, we will investigate what caused C. P. Ellis to be preference and how he changed. Parrillo’s Causes of Prejudice plots reasons how and why partiality exists in today’s society. Parrillo first begins revealing to us that preference is the dismissal of an individual from a specific culture, and that ethnocentrism is a dismissal of all culture all in all. He at that point expresses that there are four regions of study to consider when managing preference; levels of bias, self-defense, character, and disappointment. This hypothesis is perfect to the base of why and where preference begins. He clarifies that the principal level of preference is the intellectual degree of partiality. This is a person’s convictions of a culture. The subsequent level is the enthusiastic degree of preference. This level incorporates what sort of enthusiastic reaction a culture has on an individual. These feelings for instance can be that of abhor, love, dread, etc†¦ The last level, clarifies Parrillo, is the activity arranged level. This is the longing to truly follow up on their preference sentiments toward the individual or culture. As expressed in the content, â€Å"The enthusiastic degree of preference envelops the emotions that a minority bunch stirs in a person. Despite the fact that these sentiments might be founded on generalizations from the intellectual level they speak to progressively exceptional phases of individual involvement† (Parrillo 386). His announcement remains constant. In the feeling of financial rivalry preference happens every now and again. We have to understand that desire is a significant factor of preference. There would even now be rivalries, disdain, and generalizing. It is simply in our human instinct. The account of C. P Ellis starts as he talks about his life just like a white male from a low-pay class. His disappointments and disasters lead him to turn into an individual from the Ku Klux Klan. His dad consistently advised Ellis to avoid blacks, Jews, and Catholics’ and he complied with his father’s wishes. One might say, it appeared as though Ellis really respected his dad. At 17 years of age, his dad before long died and Ellis had to work to watch out for his family. Ellis examines his dissatisfactions on making a decent living with four youngsters, the oldest being slow-witted and the battles he needs to suffer to get it going. Ellis starts to reprimand the dark individuals for his disaster and his hardship of not having the option to have adequate assets. In significance to Parrillo’s paper, he discloses that â€Å"frustrations will in general increment hostility toward others† (Parrillo 393). This ties into the displeasure that Ellis started to guide it towards as he expressed, â€Å"I didn’t realize who to fault. I attempted to discover someone. I started to accuse dark individuals. I needed to abhor somebody† (Terkel 400). Ellis accepted that accusing others as opposed to himself was the most ideal approach to get over his disappointments. We are then misused to the confidence Ellis had and his perspective when beginning his bigot frenzy. In the first place, Ellis appears all through the article that he is powerless disapproved and has exceptionally low confidence. Ellis states, â€Å"The dominant part of ‘em are low pay whites, individuals who truly don’t have a section in something. They have been closed out just as the blacks†¦ So the regular individual to despise would the dark person† (Terkel 401). Ellis began to despise the way that he was poor and gone to the KKK. He felt the KKK opened open doors he could accomplish in light of the security and individuals from the gathering. Parrillo states that â€Å"self-justification† is persuade the fundamental driver of preference. He states â€Å"a individual may stay away from social contact with bunches considered second rate and partner just with those distinguished as being of high status† (Parrillo 387). We can distinguish the practices and character Ellis shows is applicable to similar practices and character of his dad. All through the story, Ellis coordinated his scorn towards blacks simply like his dad did. Ellis states â€Å"The common individual for me to loathe would be dark individuals, in light of the fact that my dad before me was an individual from the Klan. Undoubtedly, it was the friend in need of the white people† (Terkel 400). We can perceive that his supremacist ways originated from his dad who mentioned to him what to accept. We can distinguish this as the â€Å"socialization† factor of partiality. At the point when one is encouraged something which they live by for their entire life they start to assume a job similarly as the person who showed them those ways. Parrillo explains, â€Å"We therefore get familiar with the partialities of our folks and others, which at that point become some portion of our qualities and convictions. In any event, when dependent on bogus generalizations, partialities shape our view of different people groups and impact our mentalities and activities toward specific groups† (Parrillo 394). We can make the association that Ellis’s father was supremacist he picked up his father’s qualities just as his convictions. This additionally ties in when he starts to accuse dark individuals since he was instructed they were the reason for the monetary issues he was confronting. Ellis states â€Å"If we didn’t have niggers in the schools, we wouldn’t have the issues we got today† (Terkel 402). Here he didn't genuinely encounter what he accepted however he was advised this and started to live by it, which was passed somewhere around his dad. Over the time, Ellis and his perspectives about the blacks changed by and large. At long last, Ellis has a revelation once he understood how much in like manner he truly had with blacks. He before long started to understand that dark individuals were similarly as typical and searching for something very similar throughout everyday life. He mentions to us what he understood later in his life â€Å"As long as they kept low-pay whites and low-pay blacks fightin’, they’re going to keep up control† (Terkel 403). The disclosure is going to transform him. He alludes to they similar to the lawmakers and government. He started to have his own mentality and understand that all are similar and ought not be dealt with in an unexpected way. Some white individuals had similarly as low salaries as some dark individuals, which drove him to understand that they were all at a similar level. There is no clarification with respect to why Ellis truly chose to out of nowhere change his perspectives. We can relate this to Parrillo’s proclamation, â€Å"Although socialization clarifies how biased perspectives might be transmitted starting with one age then onto the next, it doesn't clarify their root or why they heighten or reduce over the years† (Terkel 394). Taking everything into account, both Parrillo’s paper and Ellis’s story go connected at the hip in demonstrating us the genuine motivation behind why partiality prejudice despite everything exists today. Vincent Parrillo represents admirable sentiments and key ideas on why cause an individual to be partiality and supremacist. C. P Ellis gives a canny eye and really gives us trust that possibly individuals will change their perspectives throughout the years. Both gave us that preference is a prime factor in this general public and this is on the grounds that everybody was brought up in an unexpected way. Everybody has their own convictions and thoughts. Worth, perspectives, convictions and culture all are focuses of preference. Notwithstanding anything, we will always be unable to change that. Individuals simply attempt to continue on to the generalizing and condemning of different races and their own. Works Cited Parrillo, Vincent N. â€Å"‘Causes of Prejudice. † Rereading America: Cultural Contexts for Critical Thinking and Writing. Ed. Gary Colombo, Robert Cullen, and Bonnie Lisle. eighth ed. Boston: Bedford St. Martin’s, 2010. 384-398. Terkel, Studs. â€Å"C. P Ellis. † Rereading America: Cu

Master the new TOEFL Reading Section

Master the new TOEFL Reading Section IntroductionI get this question a lot. Broadly speaking, heres what I think you should do to prepare for the TOEFL reading section:Learn your current levelLearn how the reading section is designedGet some accurate practice testsImprove your reading comprehensionGet some strategies for solving questionsHire a good tutorDetails about how to do these things are below!Learn Your Current LevelIf you havent taken the test already, make sure you know your current level in the TOEFL reading section. The easiest way to do this is to take the free sample test from ETS. You can also take one of the tests in the Official Guide to the TOEFL. Once you have done this you will know how much you need to improve.Learn How the Reading Section is DesignedOkay, this might be obvious, but you need to know how the TOEFL reading section is designed. If you understand how the test is designed, you will have fewer surprises on test day. Start by checking out the practice reading set from ETS. Read that set ve ry carefully. Pay attention to the length of the passages and the number of questions included with each passage.Pay special attention to the types of reading questions used by ETS. Briefly, the main types are:Factual InformationNegative Factual InformationRhetorical PurposeVocabularySentence SimplificationInsert a SentenceInferenceReferenceSummaryFill in a tableThe best descriptions of these question types is found in the Official Guide to the TOEFL. Note that you dont need to pay for the 5th edition, as every edition of the guide has pretty much the same descriptions. Read them carefully.You can get the same descriptions and advice in the TOEFL Insiders Guide course on edX. This is free, and is mostly video. I like it.I recently analyzed the most recent practice materials. Read my blog post for an indication of how frequently each question type will appear on test day.I should mention a few things before we go on:Since August 1, ETS has used fewer vocabulary questions than before. Expect just one or two per article. In the past, you would get three to five per article.Fill in a table and reference questions seem to be used much less than before. I used to think they were gone forever, but since posting the original version of this guide, Ive gotten some reports that they have reappeared. Be prepared.You might get an unexpected question like how does paragraph 1 relate to paragraph 2 or what function does paragraph 2 serve in the organization of the passage as a whole. These types are not mentioned in most popular study guides. Sorry.Get Some Accurate Practice TestsOnce you understand what the test looks like., you absolutely need to build a collection of accurate reading sets. As you work through the improve your reading comprehension and learn some strategies stuff below, you should complete about one of these tests every week.The Official Guide to the TOEFL (four good tests)The Official iBT Test Collection Volume 1 (five good tests)The Official iBT Test Co llection Volume 2 (five good tests)TSTPreps Test Pack (10 good tests, online) try the coupon code goodine10off for a discount.If you complete one test per week, these materials will be good enough for 6 months of preparation. Adjust the frequency to match the amount of time you have to prepare for the test.Note that I dont recommend any of the following sources of tests:Kaplan TOEFLBarrons TOEFLBest My TestEdusynchImprove Your Reading ComprehensionIf you have more than a month to prepare for the test, you should work on your reading comprehension instead of studying tricks and strategies for answering specific TOEFL reading questions.It seems obvious, but if you can read better, you will get a better score on the TOEFL. When native speakers take the test, they dont use strategies, obviously. I promise I will link to some strategies in a moment, but I hope you dont need to use them.Excessively focusing on strategies might make things too complicated for you on test day. My friend Jo sh MacPherson wrote about this in EFL Magazine last year. His article is meant for teachers, but it does make clear that trying to use a 5-step strategy to answer 10 different question types can be challenging and time-consuming.Of course, I cant really teach you how to read better in this blog post. Sorry. But I can suggest a few things. They are:Read non-TOEFL articles about the sorts of subjects that will appear on the test. My favorite sources are National Geographic and both the science and history sections of Smithsonian Magazine. Try to read three or four of these every day. As you read, make use of something like Merriam-Websters Learners Dictionary to ensure that you comprehension is as high as possible. If you are confused about what you are reading, seek help.You can also find relevant articles in the crappy TOEFL Textbooks I hate. I do want to emphasize that these books are not very accurate when it comes to the TOEFL, but they are full of academic articles you can read for general practice. Consider using: Kaplans Practice Tests, Barrons TOEFL iBT, and Compass Publishings Mastering Skills for the TOEFL. Again, I want to repeat that these books do not have accurate practice tests, but they do have articles about the subjects that ETS uses on the test.Read anything. Seriously. Read newspaper articles about current events that relate to your life. Read good books that you enjoy. Both fiction and non-fiction will help, in the long run. If you want to know what Im reading nowadays, check out my profile on Goodreads. Send me a note and well chat about books.I know this is all vague, but if you have a few months to improve, your goal should be to gradually improve your vocabulary and reading comprehension so that you dont need to use strategies on the test. This can only be done by exposing yourself to written English.Learn Some StrategiesIf you have improved your comprehension and you still cant figure out the answers you will need to try some strategie s. Heres a few of my favorite sources:Kathy Spratts Mastering the Reading Section for the TOEFL iBT ebook from AmazonThe TST Prep TOEFL Emergency Course (try coupon code goodine10off for a 10% discount)Kirstyn Lazurs TOEFL Thrive Guide ebook, also on Amazon.Yeah, you have to pay for these. Right now, there arent very many good free resources online. Im always open to suggestions, though. Leave a comment if you have something for me.Get a Good TOEFL TeacherIf you really want to improve your score, you should hire a tutor to work with you one on one. I recommend the following experts:Katie Mary houseoftoefl@gmail.comJohn Healy Study WIth ItMiguel Marcano elitetoeflprep@gmail.comSherlenTanner TOEFL iBT Academy Jonathan Huggins info@hugginsinternational.comSierra Yohalem sierra.yohalem@gmail.comDanijela Jovanovic proesltestprep.comJosh MacPherson tstprep.comKirstyn Lazur Toeflland@gmail.comJane Birkenhead Birkenhead EnglishMention that you were referred by Michael at TOEFL Res ources for preferential treatment (maybe).

Cell Phones And The United States - 971 Words

Cell phones originated in the United States in 1946, as a signal to an unused channel. Then, the calls got connected to an operator, which he or she would forward the call to the other party. While having a conversation, you were only allowed to talk to one person at a time. Adrian Lee (www.express.co.uk) says, â€Å"The weight of the phone used to make that call was about the same as a bag of sugar (2lb). The brick–like battery required, which allowed a talk time of just 30 minutes and took 10 hours to charge, made carting it around even more of a chore.† Technology has advanced, critically since then, a smartphone allows the person to call, text, e-mail, play games and much more. People are depending on their cell phones for everything they do, which includes using cell phones while driving. Adrian Lee (www.express.co.uk) also stated drivers reactions are a third slower when talking on a handheld mobile than when under the influence of alcohol. Why is using your cell phone a bad thing while driving? Cell phone usage should be limited while driving to protect their lives, prevent killing innocent lives, and avoiding issues with traffic laws. One of the main reasons why using a cell phone while driving is critical amongst drivers is to protect their own lives. Drivers need to have their phone nearby or in one hand while driving. According to the website (www.pewinternet.org), â€Å"67% of cell owners find themselves checking their phone for messages, alerts, or calls — even whenShow MoreRelatedThe Improvement of Cell Phones754 Words   |  4 Pagesof a cell phone has been around since the nineteenth century. A cell phone is also referred to as a mobile phone, or a cellular device. The first cellular device was invented in 1973 by Martin Cooper. This mobile telephone was the size of a brick! Ever since this invention, the cell phone has become the most prevalent piece of technology. Nowadays, the majority of people in the world possess a cell phone. One country in particular that is very popular when it comes to cell phones is the United StatesRead MoreCell Phones are Higlhy Addictive1431 Words   |  6 Pagesbillion cell phone subscribers in the world. (â€Å"UN says world has 6 billion cell phone subscribers, 2.3 billion Internet users†). With a number this high one must ask whether or not cell phones are more beneficial than they are harmful. Everyone recognizes the benefits of cell phones, but how often does society acknowledge the harms that cell phones induce on the public. The simplicity of communication through the use of cell phones does not outweigh the distractions caused by cell phones, becauseRead MoreEssay on Cell Phone Use Should be Banned While Driving985 Words   |  4 PagesYour phone rings and you answer it. You start talking and get deeply involved in the conversation. Before you know it, you just ran a red light and get side swiped by a school bus. Your life is now upside down. Fin ally, you are able to pull yourself out of your new Escalade with no injury. However, a few of the students have been injured and one killed. Now you have to live with that for the rest of your life. This is a prime example of cell phone distraction. Therefore, all cell phone usageRead MoreEssay on The Dangers of Cell Phone Use While Driving604 Words   |  3 Pagesroad accidents in many countries. Many people have a cell phone and some even call their cell phone their life line. The cell phone is a provider of very important information such as addresses, phone numbers, and important dates. However, while the cell phone has many positive attributes like keeping people in touch, the cell phone becomes very dangerous when a person decides to drive and use it.This obliged many countries especially United States to pass regulations that put the level of blood-alcoholRead MoreTechnology : Infringing On Liberty1367 Words   |  6 Pagesage of cell phones and modern technology, tha t coveted right is at danger of government intrusion. Recently, there is growing concern with the invasion of privacy regarding warrantless cell phone searches. Cell phones today â€Å"store vast amounts of personal information,† including, â€Å"address books, banking information, calendars, text messages, emails, photos, browsing history, and social media applications.† Most Americans would avow that there is a â€Å"high expectation of privacy in their cell phones’Read MoreCell Phone Evolution: Good and Bad1252 Words   |  6 PagesCell Phone Evolution: Good and Bad Since the beginning of the industrial revolution, the world has become a smaller and faster place. The time used to travel to far distances has decreased. The growth of new technologies, traveling and communicating has become simple daily tasks for many people. Through the growth of global communication, people have become closer to others across the globe, and business has gone world wide. One invention that came along with the technological revolution is theRead MoreImportance Of Cell Phone Safety Essay1056 Words   |  5 PagesThe cell phone safety In spite of the fact that cell phones convey a few expediency and advantages to our lives, they additionally have some possibly unsafe impacts. Disclosure of cell phones has been one of the critical technological progress lately. A portion of these effects has contributed emphatically to our lives, yet at the same time, others have affected contrarily. The cell phones have had a noticeable effect on the social life of individuals. In any case, cell phones have accompaniedRead MoreTexting, Calling And Driving916 Words   |  4 Pagesall this new technology coming out on the market for cell phones that are supposed to be safe for the road such as hands- free devices like Siri, are they really safe for the public or is it just another way for companies to make money by sugar coating the real truth about cell phones. There is no dough that cell phones are helpful, but at what cause. Losing a limp or a live is that the price people are willing to pay for using their cell phones on the road. All it takes is five second for the driverRead MoreEssay on Get Off The Phone!!! While Driving...584 Words   |  3 Pagesfor cell phone banning. One of the worst train accidents in U.S history occurred when a conductor exchanged text messages on his phone while operating the train. People in the United States are often pulled over for cell phone use and cited. This issue has sparked big controversy with lawmakers. The use of a cell phone is not the only distraction while driving but it is known that it could potentially cause disaster like discussed above. The result of this has caused many states to outlaw cell phoneRead MoreCell Phone Negotiations Essay1097 Words   |  5 PagesCell Phone Negotiations Monique Wilson MGT/557 April 9, 2012 Marie Smith Cell Phone Negotiations Conflicts and disputes in negotiations arise because of a number of reasons. Opposing interests, cultural, gender, personality, and emotional differences are contributing factors as well. Culture is an important dimension of international negotiations. According to Vochita (2008), it is an ingrained

More Gun Control Essay - 946 Words

More Gun Control One of the biggest issues in the United States that I would change would be gun control. The government is constantly proposing legislation for more and more gun control. Slowly they are chipping away at our constitutional right to keep and bear arms. You must ask yourself: For what reason does the government want to restrict law-abiding citizens from owning guns? Certainly government is not so naive to think criminals will adhere to gun control laws. There just may be an underlying motive for gun control. After all, people would be easier to control if they were defenseless. Few public policy debates have been as dominated by emotion and misinformation as the one on gun control. Banning guns to†¦show more content†¦Comparable publicized training programs for gun-toting merchants distinctly reduced store robberies in Highland Park, Michigan, and New Orleans; a grocers organizations gun clinics produced the same result in Detroit (Hagar). Gun control advocates note only two burglars in 1,000 are driven off by armed homeowners. However, a huge majority of burglaries take place when no one is home, the statistical citation is deceptive. Several criminologists attribute the predominance of daytime burglary to burglars fear of encountering an armed resident. Indeed, a burglars chance of being sent to jail is about the same as his chance of being shot by a victim if the burglar breaks into an occupied residence (one to two percent in each case). Gun control is based on the faulty notion that ordinary American citizens are too hazardous and ill tempered to be trusted with weapons. Only through the slight alterations of specific constitutional rights is gun control even possible. It most severely victimizes those who most need weapons for self-defense. Many advocates of gun control believe that legislation in their favor will create a decrease in violent crime. To the contrary, Great Britain, a country with gun control, reports a frightening 1,200 percent increase of violent crimes against individuals in the last thirty-three years between 1960 and 1993. The number of robberies in this same time period has increased byShow MoreRelatedNo More Gun Control Needed1281 Words   |  6 PagesNo More Gun Control Needed The debate of whether or not the government should ban the sell of guns, and attempt to remove all guns in existence has been debated for a long period of time; I believe that banning guns is not only implausible, it will do more harm than good. In this essay, I’ll be discussing the history of this debate, as well as discuss some misinformation that’s been proposed by those wishing to ban guns. I’ll also discuss how guns do not turn ordinary, law abiding citizens intoRead MoreRe : More Gun Control Essay1898 Words   |  8 PagesTO: Senator Ryan McDougal From: Sean T. Bowles (Researcher) Date: November 8, 2016 RE: More Gun Control in Virginia Executive Summary Today there is a problem with guns in our society. People have easy access to firearms and here in Virginia it is much easier for anyone to get a firearm through private sales without any kind of background check into their mental health or criminal status. The reason that this is a problem is because people who are able to get a weapon without having a backgroundRead MoreAmerica Needs More Gun Control1881 Words   |  8 Pagesme the money.† She pulled out her gun from her back pocket and shot him in the toe. She didn’t kill him, but she prevented herself from getting killed. That gun saved her life and my life. You never know when something bad might happen. It could come out at any time, any day, anywhere. If my aunt hadn’t been allowed to carry that gun, we both might not be alive today. Even though some people believe America needs more gun control, this country needs less gun control because people need a way to protectRead MoreNo More Gun Control in Amer ica Essay570 Words   |  3 PagesClass, firearms have been an element of the American tradition as defense and a means of hunting or activity. As we progress through the 21st century the use of guns has changed significantly. Any additional gun laws should not be imposed on American citizens because of the second amendment, the need for protection, and the need for food and recreational sports. The second amendment in the United States Constitution clearly states that as American citizens, we have a right to bear arms. The ConstitutionRead MoreEssay America Needs More Gun Control1409 Words   |  6 PagesConstitution to the United States really mean? Does every citizen have the right to own a gun? Should there be limitations on who can possess a gun? Gun right advocates believe they have the right to possess a gun without restrictions. Gun Control advocates on the other hand support more limitations on the accessibility of guns and also want to ban certain types of guns. They argue that the more guns there are the more crime there will be. Is either one of these arguments justified? Which party is rightRead MoreAmerica Needs More Guns: Say No to Gun Control Essay2237 Words   |  9 PagesGuns do not kill people, people do. The American Dream is being able to work towards and achieve whatever makes you happy, whether it be owning your own business, joining the military, or staying at home raising a family, but the only way to reach your dream is to do it without living in fear that your dream will be taken away. In the last couple years mass shootings and attacks on schools have sadly become a common tragedy. Those who have been victims of public shootings or any other life scarringRead MoreAmerica Needs More Gun Control Essay1372 Words   |  6 Pages is enough. (Gibbs, 1993) Many Americans believe that gun control should be improved and the regulations made more stringent. However, the National Rifle Association (NRA) has a most formidable lobby, and lobbing campaign, which up until this time, has presented past Presidents from initiation gun control laws. There appears to be an almost grass roots movement to stifle efforts which attempt to establish more effective gun control laws. To a large extent, it is our Constitution which givesRead MoreWe Do Not Need More Gun Control2368 Words   |  10 PagesWe Do Not Need More Gun Control Lately all the talk these days is guns. It is not about owning them, but more so controlling them; sometimes even removing them through programs, such as President Obama’s â€Å"Buyback program.† This program is a trade in program, as in if you trade in your gun for money. This is because of the recent mass shootings. Instead of gun control we should be looking for a solution. We do not need more gun control because we have the right to bear arms. We should be heavilyRead MoreGun Control Is More Than Removing Guns From Our Homes Essay1860 Words   |  8 PagesGun Control is About More than Removing Guns from Our Homes Every law-abiding American citizen should have a choice to own a gun, and it should not matter if their reason is for protection, for sport or to collect. Gun control is a concern that needs to be one of â€Å"less talk and more action†; in addition, it needs to be an issue where both parts of the Congress join together to find a solution to the growing problem of gun violence in the United States. Furthermore, the American people need to demandRead MoreGun Control : A Controversial Issue For More Than A Century1044 Words   |  5 PagesFontana Criminal Justice 3-19-15 Gun Control Gun control has been a controversial issue for more than a century, and there is yet to be a definitive solution or consensus. Proponents of gun control believe there should be stricter regulations, and more in depth background checks before someone is allowed to purchase a firearm. Among other things, the Second Amendment was added to our Constitution because the founders believed the private ownership of guns was necessary for the protection

Apple’s Financial Analysis Part 2 Free Essays

APPLE’S FINANCIAL ANALYSIS FOR THE YEAR ENDED September 27, 2008 Income Statement: a) Apple Inc uses multi-step income statement format. It organizes its operating section by using functional expense classification. b)There are no unusual items presented in Apple’s income statement. We will write a custom essay sample on Apple’s Financial Analysis Part 2 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Also the company did not discontinue any of its operations, neither had any changes in accounting principles. The net income for 2008, 2007, and 200 is $4,834, $3,496, and $1,989 respectively. The net income has increased continually in past three years. Net income increased 38. 3% in 2008. Apple’s net income growth for 2007 was 75. 7%. The income statement doesn’t need restating. I also believe that Apple is not managing their earnings. The company’s revenue and earnings per share are undervalued and Apple’s financials appear radically weaker than they actually are. It is because in April, 2007 they made a bad decision when announced that Apple will be using what is commonly referred to as the â€Å"subscription method of accounting† for sales of the iPhone where the sales revenue from the iPhone is deferred and recognized over a 24-month period instead of at the point of sale. When disregarding the deferred revenue mechanism of subscription accounting, Apple actually earned $7. 48 in EPS on $38. 041 billion in revenue. That compares to the $5. 36 in EPS on $32. 479 billion in revenue that Apple reported on a GAAP-basis. During 2008, the Company adopted the Financial Accounting Standards Board’s (â€Å"FASB†) Financial Interpretation No. (â€Å"FIN†) 48, Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes—an interpretation of FASB Statement No. 109. FIN 48 changes the accounting for uncertainty in income taxes by creating a new framework for how companies should recognize, measure, present, and disclose uncertain tax positions in their financial statements. 09/27/08Restated 09/27/09 Net Sales32,47932,479 Cost Of Goods21,33421,334 Gross Profit11,14511,145 Selling Adminstrative Depr. Amort Expenses4,8704,870 Income After Depreciation Amortization6,2756,275 Non-Operating Income620620 Pretax Income6,8956,895 Income Taxes2,0612,061 Investment Gains/Losses00 Other Income/Charges00 Income From Cont. Operations4,8344,834 Extras Discontinued Operations00 Net Income4,8344,834 2) Apple Inc recognizes revenue from sales when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery has occurred, the sales price is fixed or determinable, and collection is probable. Revenue from service and support contracts is deferred and recognized ratably over the service coverage periods. Revenue is deferred for the fair value of the specified upgrade rights when offered. i. A/R turnover=Net Sales/Average A/R(net) A/R turnover2007=24,066/1637=14. 70 times A/R turnover2008=32,479/2422=13. 41 times ii. Allowance % A/R=Allowance/ Gross A/R Allowance % A/R2007=47/24,066=0. 0195 Allowance % A/R2008=47/32,479=0. 001445 iii. Average collection period= 365/ A/R turnover (or 365*A/R/Net Sales) Average collection period2007=365/14. 70=24. 82 (every 25 days) Average collection period2008=365/13. 41=27. 22 (every 22 days) The total sales revenues increased consistently for the past years. Net sales increased 43. 86% in 2008 compared with 2007 ($24,006 and $ 32,479 respectively), A/R have increased too by 47. 95% in 2007 compared to 20056 ($1637and $2,422 respectively). The company does not have looser credit policy, since it does not have credit accounts whatsoever. Apple has an ncreasing accounts receivable turnover which is a positive sign – showing the company is successfully executing its credit policies and quickly turning its accounts receivables into cash. The ratios calculated above cannot be taken into account because they do not represent the actual A/R for the company for entire year. 3)Inventory Costing: a)The company uses FIFO in costing its inventory. I believe that the company uses this method, because even though tax expense are higher, since the Cost of Goods Sold decrease by using the lower cost items, the net effect on the net income still result it net increase. The earnings per share also increase, as well as inventory in the balance sheet. If the cost of the inventories exceeds their market value, provisions are made currently for the difference between the cost and the market value. The Company’s inventories consist primarily of finished goods for all periods presented. If they use LIFO the net income would have been higher, it can benefit from tax savings and improve its cash flow. On other hand average cost achieves a net income somewhere in the middle. b)Looking at the vertical analysis of the Income Statement cost of goods sold has decreased to 0. 34% (from 66. 3 % in 2007to 65. 69% in 2008), and net sales increased by $8475. At the same time, looking at the horizontal analysis, while in 2008 COGS increased by nearly 39. 97% compared to 2007, sales increased only by 43. 86%, and in 2007 while GOGS increased by 15. 56%, sales increased by 24. 29%. This, in my opinion indicates inventory stock (50 items), and fast moving inventor y (7days). i. Inventory Turnover=(COGS)/(Ave. Inventory) Inventory Turnover2007= 15,852/(270+346)/2=51. 047? 51 items Inventory Turnover2008= 21,334/(509+346)/2=49. 904? 50 items ii. Gross Profit Percentage=Gross Profit/Net Sales Gross Profit Percentage2007=8,154/24,006=0. 3397? 33. 97% Gross Profit Percentage2008=11,145/32,479=. 3431? 34. 31% iii. Average Days in Inventory=365/Inventory Turnover Average Days in Inventory2007=365/51=7. 16 days Average Days in Inventory2008=365/50=7. 3 days c) Apple is doing extremely well in terms of inventory turnover, which is one of the lowest in the industry only 7days . While a sizable inventory can be important to coping with sudden surges in demand, excessive inventory is wasteful and can exacerbate financial problems if a new product is introduced before old inventory is cleared. Inventory is increased from 346 million in 2007 to 509 million in 2008. Because the sales are increased too, therefore it is an indication of heavy business activities, rather than the problem with sale of existing products. Gross profit margin is flat for year 2007 and 2008 at 34%. 4)Property, plant and equipment: a)Apple Inc uses the straight-line method of depreciation based upon the asset’s estimated useful life. b)Asset Turnover=Net Sales/Ave total assets Asset Turnover2007=24,006/[(25,347+17,205)/2)]=1. 1283 Asset Turnover2008=32,479/[(39,572+25,347)/2]=1. 0006 c)PPE has increased in the last year by $632 million. The company has purchased PPE in 2007 in the amount of $735 million and $1,091 million in 2008. In 2008 Apple declared a loss on disposition of property, plant, and equipment for $22 million, which has increased by $10 million since 2007(12million) 5) Liabilities a)Apple’s liabilities are composed by short-term debt, Accounts Payable, Accrued Expenses, Long-term debt, non-current liabilities. The major current and non-current liabilities accounts for the years of 2007 and 2008 are shown in the table below: September 27, 2008 September 29, 2007_ Current liabilities: Accounts payable $5,520 $4,970 Accrued expenses 8,572 4,310 Total current liabilities 14,092 9,280 Non-current liabilities 4,450 1,535 Total liabilities 18,542 10,815 b)Ratios: i. Debt Ratio=Total Liabilities/Total Assets Debt Ratio2008=18,542/39,572=0. 468564 or 46. 86% ii. Debt to Equity=Total Liabilities/Stockholders Equity Debt to Equity2008=18,542/21,030=. 8817 iii. Times interest earned=Income before income taxes and interest expense/Interest Expense Times interest earned2008=6,275/ 0 c)Ratios for Microsoft’s for year ended 06/30/2008 i. Debt Ratio2008=36,507/72,793=0. 015 or 50. 15% ii. Debt to Equity2008=36,507/ 36,286=1. 0061 iii Times interest earned2006=22,492/0 These ratios are derived from Dillard’s financial statements that can be found on http://www. sec. gov/Archives/edgar/data/789019/000119312508162768/d10k. htm. Looking at Apple’s and Microsoft’s debt ratios, I can say that Microsoft’s debt ratio is 3. 29% higher, or it has 3. 29% more debt compared to its total assets. I think that 50. 15% indicates that Apple’s can be categorized a company of moderate risk level. Comparing Apple’s debt to equity ratio of . 8817% to Microsoft’s ratio of 1. 61%, I can tell that Apple’s are doing well, since it uses $. 88 derived from liability in addition to every $1 of equity in its business, taking advantage of the lower cost of debt for financing projects to relatively more expensive equity financing. Microsoft’s ration is only 0. 1793% lower, which indicates a normal debt ratio for Apple Inc. Comparing Apple’s ratio results to Microsoft’s, gives me the confidence to say that Apple’s liabilities fall into the industry’s average. 6)Stock price a)Yahoo Finance chart PRICE DateOpenHighLowCloseAvg VolAdj Close* Sep-08172. 40173. 50120. 68128. 439,370,800128. 24 Aug-08159. 90180. 45152. 91169. 5323,273,800169. 53 Jul-08164. 23180. 91146. 53158. 9533,096,200158. 95 J un-08188. 60189. 95164. 15167. 4434,281,100167. 44 May-08174. 96192. 24172. 00188. 7532,650,300188. 75 Apr-08146. 30180. 00143. 61173. 9538,841,700173. 95 Mar-08124. 44145. 74118. 00143. 5042,313,100143. 50 Feb-08136. 24136. 59115. 44125. 0246,645,400125. 02 Jan-08199. 27200. 26126. 14135. 3662,108,100135. 36 Dec-07181. 86202. 96176. 99198. 0831,771,400198. 08 Nov-07188. 60192. 68150. 63182. 2246,553,700182. 22 Oct-07154. 63190. 12152. 93189. 9537,438,400189. 95 Sep-07153. 44154. 60152. 75153. 4743,935,800153. 47 b)In my opinion there is a strong positive correlation between the two charts. There are several noticeable changes of Apple’s stock price over the last year. In October,2007 Apple’s stocks increases to $189. 95 from $153. 47in Sept. The increase was due people’ interest to get their hands on Mac OS X Leopard, the newest version of Apple’s operating system. After that since markets in general, and tech stocks in particular, were hit hard by poor earnings reports posted by Intel, Apple’s stock price dropped in first weeks of November. In the begging of January 2007 the stock dropped to $126. 14 after Jobs announced iphone sales to date of 4 million, and ATT said that only 3. 9 million were activated, which means 100,000 iphones still in their Christmas wrapping or more likely unlocked. The company’s stock decline in the first quarter was due to an antitrust suit which has been filed against Apple accusing the company of illegally maintaining a monopoly in the digital music market by failing to support Microsoft’s Windows Media Audio format. In May Stock reached $188. 55 because Apple reported its second quarter earnings, and its revenues of $7. 05 billion and a net profit of $1. 05 billion for the quarter. In second quarter Apple had slightly decreases and increases in stock value. On July 22, 2008 Apple reported its third quarter earnings results. The company earned $7. 46 billion during the quarter, a 37% increase from the same quarter 2007. Last month of the third quarter the company had a down tu rn to $ 120. 68 per stock. 7) Final Review I believe that the company has strong results in the industry that it operates. Compared to its direct competition, Apple Inc is doing well. I also believe that Apple Inc is trying to grow, and became a leader in consumer electronics market. Based on my analysis, I agree with the company’s strategy of increasing investment in Research and Development. Specifically, I suggest the sometime down the line after provider contracts are over and equipment and technology costs have gone down Apple should enter the wireless cellular provider arena. This would allow Apple to recoup all profits instead of sharing/splitting profits with the providers. Customer’s buy the hardware/phone at cost rather than the current model of wireless provider subsidized phones at the expense of expensive plans. They should offer a quality engineered, eco-friendly, workplace computer that is economically practical for corporations and large organizations. However due to Apple’s unique designing nitch and brand loyalty we feel they have the ability to capture a portion of the bottom market that has always wished to own an Apple without diluting its luxury products image. Apple Inc would do a lot better if it was not in the declining economic environment as of now. Increasing questions about Jobs’ health and lack of transparency into a succession plan are decreasing the company’s stability. Contrary of Wall Street’s expectations Apple reports earnings of $1. 61 billion ($1. 78 per share), which was up 2 cents a share from the year earlier period. Revenue also increased from $9. 6 billion to $10. 17 billion. With stock price of $102 â€Å"Apple Inc. shares have catapulted back atop the century mark today after brokerage firm FTN Equity upgraded the stock from â€Å"neutral† to â€Å"buy. â€Å"We now believe investors are more prepared for the Chief Executive taking a smaller role and we have not seen the multiple compression we expected,† wrote analyst Bill Fearnley, Jr. † I believe that by looking at the past performance of Apple, one can derive a future prognosis of Apple’s performance, bound to the industry development. I believe that an investor may want to buy Apple’s shares, since i t looks like it is a strong company, and take advantage of the current low stock prices. I also would recommend to an investor not to invest all of his money in Apple, because of the uncertainty of the market. How to cite Apple’s Financial Analysis Part 2, Papers

Intersectional Analysis of Bend It Like Beckham free essay sample

For this assignment, to make an intersectional analysis I decided to watch a movie. After searching and thinking for a while I picked the movie Bend it Like Beckham, since a lot of elements in this movie are applicable on my own life and I really could relate to one of the characters in the movie. As the title of the movie already implies, it is about football and takes place in England. Jesminder is a Sikh, Indian girl from a very traditional Indian family. She is not interested in fashion, boys and her looks; the only thing she is interested in is football. One time when she is playing in the park with her friends, who are all boys, Jules sees Jesminder play. Jules is an English, white girl who plays football. Jules askes if Jesminder wants to join the team, but Jesminder’s parents do not agree. She joins the team anyways and this causes a lot of friction in her own family. We will write a custom essay sample on Intersectional Analysis of Bend It Like Beckham or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Parminder Nagra, who is in her real life also a member of the Sikh religion, plays Jesminder. She grew up in England and from an early age on she wanted to become an actress. Her parents wanted her to finish her education first before she was allowed to start acting. Bend it Like Beckham was her breakthrough film and got her a role in the popular TV-show ER. Keira Knightley is the actress who plays Jules in the movie. She is a white woman, born and raised in England. She started acting at a very young age. Bend it Like Beckham was also her breakthrough movie and she has played in countless of popular movies since, for example Pirates of the Caribbean, Love Actually, Pride and Prejudice. The director of the movie, Gurinder Chadha, is a woman from Indian decent, who is also a member of the Sikh religion, was born in Kenya but grew up in London. She studied journalism and ended up working as a reporter for the BBC and quickly realized she wanted to direct movies and documentaries. Most of her films focus on the differences between Indian and English families and the inequality between them, mostly in a negative way for the Indians. Bend it Like Beckham is one of her most famous works. After describing the movie contents, the main actors and the director, I am going to apply intersectional analysis to this movie. Before starting the intersectional analysis the term intersectionality needs to be explained. Kimberle Crenshaw was the first person that mentioned the theory of intersectionality. This theory is a study that focuses on the different biological, social and cultural categories that define someone’s identity and place in society. All these categories are in relation with each other, for instance gender, class, race and sexual orientation combined define your place in society and sadly also the way people treat you. These so called axes all influence each other, there is not just one aspect that defines our place in society. Combinations of all the axes, the starting point of intersectionality, contribute to social inequality, such as racism, sexism, homophobia, but also religion-based discrimination. According to this theory the person who would be the most accepted is a white, straight male from a higher class. A black, gay woman from a lower class would take the lowest position in society, while a white, gay woman from lower class would stand above her, and a white, straight woman from lower class would even take a higher position in society. Now that I explained the theory of intersectionality I can apply it to the movie, but before I do that, I would like to make a point about football-movies in general, and also a point about the lead actresses of the movie. After watching this movie I decided to search for other movies about football. There are over hundreds of movies that focus on men’s football in one way or another, a team, the fans, a coach, but only a few movies, a total of seven, focus on girls that play football, and Bend it Like Beckham is the only one with the focus on a girl who is not white. This shows that football is a sport that is still very gender-based, despite the fact that in the Netherlands alone already 120. 000 girls play football. Also race plays an important part, because all the other movies about girl’s football focus on white girls, while I know from my own experience there are a lot of girls from different races who play football. I myself played football for seven years, and I played in a team where half of the girls were non-whites. I will focus on this later on. The second point I would like to make is that despite this movie is the breakthrough for both main characters, Keira Knightley and Parminder Nagra, Keira is way more successful than Parminder. I researched both their filmographies, and Keira got a lot of movie offers after this movie, while Parminder’s only offer was a role, not even a leading role, in the TV-show ER. Parminder played in a few small movies, and in every single one of them the focus was on her racial background, while Keira Knightley got very divers movie offers, from playing a pirate to an historical person. The fact hat the role offers for both women depend on their race shows that in this case Parminder has a lower position in the society. She has very limited choices to pick from, while Keira has, because of her white skin-color, more choices. With that being said I can focus myself on the movie itself. This movie really focuses on gender and ethnicity, but sexual orientation is also a big part of it. Footb all is still seen as a men’s sport, and these girls in the movies are automatically a minority because they play football. I myself have encountered the same problems as these girls. I am a white, straight girl living in a western country, but when I told people, that I played football, their reaction was always: ‘a girl who plays football? That is so weird! ’ And without their knowledge of my sexuality, quite often people assumed I was a lesbian because I played football. Without knowing any axes of my life, I was automatically put in a lower position, just because I am a girl who played football. This also is seen in the movie. Jules has short hair, wears baggy clothes and plays football, and her mother overhears a conversation between Jules and Jess about love, but she misinterprets it and thinks Jules is gay. The mother is very upset about her daughter being gay and when Jules tells she is not gay, the mother is very relieved and then says there is nothing wrong with being gay. Even though she says that, she is still happy her own daughter is in fact not a lesbian. This shows certain stereotypes towards girls that play football, have short hair and wear baggy clothes. Football is such a gendered sport that it automatically leads to sexism, thinking girls who play football must be lesbian because they play a men’s sport. Lesbianism is also seen as something less good than being straight, seeing the mother is relieved her daughter is not a lesbian. The coach of the team, a young, straight white man is ashamed to be the coach of a girl’s team. He had to stop playing football due to an injury, and he wanted to do something with football. He ended up coaching the girls team, but he has never told this to his father because he is afraid his father will get angry because ‘they’re just girls’. This also shows the gender-based thinking towards girls, but intersectionality becomes even clearer when race gets involved. When Jesminder first joins the team, the eaction of the coach is that he has never seen an Indian girl play football, and he is angry with Jules for bringing her to the team because he expects her to not be able to play football, because she is an Indian girl. He says this without even seeing her play. She turns out to be the best of the team. Without knowing anything about her he places her in a lower social position than white girls, just because of her race, and he already places himself above girls. During a match a girl from the opponent calls Jesminder names, a specific word being used is ‘Paki’, which is a swearword used towards people from Indian decent. Even though it’s a girl who calls Jesminder this and probably has experienced the same gender and sexism problems as the other girls in this movie, she still places herself above Jesminder in the social hierarchy, only because Jesminder is from a different race. A different scene that shows the lower position of Jesminder is when her parents want her to focus on school instead of football. They literally say she needs the highest grades possible for a good future because her chances for a good job are smaller than the chances of an average white girl, whose chances are again smaller than those of a white boy. This sentence alone shows her chances of a good future are gender and racial based. The class she will belong to when she’s an adult depends on how good her job is, which again depends on her gender and race. This thus shows that women who are not white almost automatically end up in the lower classes of the society. A white woman has more chances to end up in a higher class, but still has fewer chances than a white man. Jesminder would make more chances for a good job if she were an Indian boy, because then only race would be a problem, while in her case it’s race and gender. As I said, in my own football team were a lot of non-white girls, and all of them, at least they parents did, belonged to the lower class, while the white girls in my team, including myself, were from a higher class than they are. There is one point in the movie where the lower position of the male is seen. Her best friend, a boy named Tony, confesses to her he is gay, but she must promise him she will not tell anyone about this. In the Indian religion it is not acceptable to be gay, that is his reason not to tell anyone. But if he would be openly gay, his position on the social ladder would get lower, because he would be gay, Indian man. If Jesminder would be from a different ethnicity I do not think it would have made any changes for the movie. The main point is that a white skin colour in the western world means a higher place in society than any other skin colour. If Jesminder had been a lesbian it would have placed her even lower on the social ladder. This also applies for Jules , she is a white, straight female, so she is quite privileged in general, but I think if the director had made her a lesbian, the stereotypes towards girls that play football would be even clearer and also show more struggles of women in a society. Sexuality does play a part in the movie, since Jules’ mother thinks she is a lesbian, but yet she turns out to be straight. I think this movie really shows the importance of using intersectuality when it comes to determining someone’s position in the society. The struggles of girls that play football to be accepted playing a men’s sport and overcoming typical stereotypes are shown, just as well the struggles of an Indian football-playing girl being accepted in the western society. This movie shows that football is still a very gendered sport and that a girl’s choice to play football influences her position.

The Magna Carta and the Constitution free essay sample

Magna Cartas original version which states that the king should not ignore or violate the traditions, customs or laws and could not take any arbitrary actions against his subjects. l Magna Carta provides for rule of law, ensures fairness tOf3 0T laws, contalns commitment to Oue process 0T law ana gives respect Tor economlc rights. While these rights were the privileges given to barons in England by way of declarations in Magna Carta, the founders of the U. S. drew inspiration from Magna Carta and made these rights applicable to all the citizens of America and became part of the Bill of Rights. Magna Carta is therefore a source for the U. S. Constitution. The Bill of Rights 1791; which representing 10 amendments as part of the 1st amendment to the U. S. Constitutions. Clause 39 of Magna Carta provides that no freeman shall be punished except by lawful Judgment by his peers or by the laws of the land. We will write a custom essay sample on The Magna Carta and the Constitution or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This was to prevent the King to deliver sentences without the authority of law. The U. S. Constitution provides for rule of law by which no person is above the law. In this context both, Magna Carta and the U. S. Constitution are similar. Whereas the Magna Carta was issued by the Monarch, the U. S. Constitution was given by Americans unto themselves. The 14th Amendment to the U. S. Constitution includes the stipulation of due process, this provides for fair trial before depriving any person of his life, liberty or property. The trial is what is meant by due process. Again it must be a fair trial as part of the due process. In The Magna Carta, the due process of law is known by law of the land and legal Judgment of peers. In order to constitute due process, there should be a right to fair and public trial, right to be present at the trial, presence of an impartial Jury, right to be heard as part of ones own defense. Besides, the laws must be in written form, taxes must be for only public purpose, and property can be taken only for public purpose with due compensation. In this way The Magna Carta pales in comparison due to not being as descriptive as the U. S. Constitution for the meaning of due process. Both Magna Carta and the U. S. Constitution require that laws shall be fair and discriminatory. Thus, Magna Carta and the U. S. Constitution share many things in common. Magna Carta of 121 5 was a bold initiative of the then King, without which the U. S. Constitution would have taken still longer time to be what it is today.

buy custom Nectar in a Sieve essay

buy custom Nectar in a Sieve essay The novel Nectar in a Sieve is a fictional work. It is written by Kamala Markandanya. The novel is set in India. It is about a young girl whose name is Rukmani. She is the youngest daughter in her family. Rukmani also known as Ruku is married off by her family at a very early age. The man she marries is called Nathan. Nathan is not wealthy and is a tenant farmer. In India the women usually marry men; therefore they have to pay dowry to a man for him to agree to marry a woman. Ruku's family was not wealthy and therefore they had to settle for an average tenant farmer. The story develops as Ruku continues to lead her life. She struggles with poverty and eviction. Throughout the novel she gets from one problem to another. The novel though ends on a brighter note for her and finally she has hope that life will be better. The author has used several literal devices in the novel. This essay will focus on these literal devices and issues such as culture, politics and human rights in the nov el. Discussion Kamala Markandanya was born in 1924 in a city called Bangalore. She was fortunate to be born in a Brahmin caste. This is the highest level in the Hindu religion. Kamala attended the University of Madras, after which she took a job in a small newspaper, where she was a writer. Kamala was born in the city but she learnt the rural life of India. She later moved to England where she married an Englishman. Kamala had written a few novels but her first novel to be published was Nectar in a Sieve. It was published in the year 1954. She wrote some other novels, which are Some Inner Fury and a Silence of Desire. Most of her novels are about life in India and culture of this country. The setting of the book is in the rural areas. It shows how people in the rural areas lead their lives. The book was also set during a time when India had just emerged from the colonial rule. Nathan, the husband of Ruku, is a farmer and he owns a piece of land, it is this piece of land that the family depends on. They farm here and eat products from this land. In India at this era of time most people were living in the rural areas. They mainly depended on rice and vegetables for food. The people, living in the rural areas, live in simplicity. Most of them are not well of. The book describes how these villagers live in mud huts that are thatched with grass. Development is approaching this rural area and it brings with it negative effects. Ruku is especially against this development. The development comes in the form of a tannery. Its efforts to expand ends up in taking land from the villagers. Nathan is a victim where his land is taken piece by piece until he has none left. The narration of the story is in the first person narration. Ruku is the narrator of the story. She is an old woman when she begins the story. She then proceeds to narrate the story as a flashback or a reflection of her life. She first informs the reader that in the present she is at peace, but things have not always been like that. The first person narration enables the reader to see things through the Ruku's eyes. The reader also experiences the feelings that Ruku is experiencing. The first person narration is also advantageous as it helps the reader develop empathy for the protagonist. The first person narration helps retain the originality of the story. If for instance the book was written in the third person narration, like an observer it would loose its originality. The first person narration is able to portray more than the story. It is through the first person narration we are able to know the thoughts of Ruku. The problem though with first narration is that it overshadows the other characters. Also the narrator may be bias and influence the reader's thoughts about issues in the story. The writer uses characters to help her deliver the story well. These characters usually are of different types. They include; the protagonist. The protagonist is the character whose life the story revolves around. This character creates the plot of the story. They are like the main characters of the story. In this novel, the protagonist is Ruku. The story is about her life from when she is married to Nathan, it continues with the introduction of other characters that help shape the story. There is also the antagonist. This is the character or force that opposes the protagonist. The fact is that the antagonist does not always have to be a character. There are other instances that usually have more than one antagonist. In this story the antagonist is not well developed and therefore not easy to identify. The antagonist though is the forces of change that keep opposing Ruku and her family to lead a good life. The coming of development and the change from the rural life to urban life as the industries continue to grow. These antagonists have made Ruku's life to be full of hardship. She seems to be jumping from one hardship right into another. The other characters in the book are major and minor characters. In this novel the major character apart from Ruku is, Nathan, who is the husband to Ruku. There is also Ira; she is the eldest of Ruku's children. She too struggles in life; she marries then later divorces with her husband. She later turns to prostitution so as to save her smaller brother from dying of hunger. Kenny and Ruku's fifth son Selvam is also major characters. Kenny is a foreigner but manages to get close to Ruku. He is a frequent visitor to the village. He later opens a hospital, where Selvam gets to work. The minor characters are the other sons of Ruku. Two of them join the tannery, where they get jobs. They are shown to embrace modernity by getting jobs at the tannery. They do this knowing that their mother is against it (Snclair 75). There is also Kunthi, who is almost of the same age as Ruku. She is quiet and aloof. To the villagers she is sad to have married beneath her class and unlike Ruku she never accepts her marriage and is therefore not comfortable. Kuli is also a minor character, who is different from Ruku as he has joy and hope amidst his difficulties. All characters in the book have enabled the author to narrate the story well; each character plays a role and all this roles combined help the book to properly develop. The theme of the story is about hope. The author wants to show the importance of hope in times of struggle. This is shown by how Ruku even after all the struggles, has hope that things will become better. In the first part of the book she and her husband are filled with hope that even if they do not own the land they cultivate they will one day. Ruku believes that man was given the sprit to rise above his struggles. The book may have been directed to the struggle that India was experiencing due to the colonial rule. The author wants to show the reader that things eventually get better with hope in life. Another theme looming in the book is that of fear. This is because the villagers do not know what will come tomorrow. Ruku and her husband are in fear of what might happen. They fear of what will happen to them when they lose their land. There is also the fear of the changes occurring in the village. The villagers are worried of what the introduction of the tannery will do to their village. Although some are optimistic that they will get jobs in the factory, Ruku is not happy with the tannery. The villagers live in fear and hope, Ruku says that she is not sure which one was stronger (Markandanya 78). The story is written in a reflective mood. This is demonstrated at the beginning where Ruku starts by informing the reader that she is well at present. She then falls into a flashback of those old times. This mode is used by the author to emphasis its theme of hope. It starts by showing that things are fine at present but it is due to hope that Ruku has been able to endure all the struggles. The mood also shows that the book is set in a historic time, when things were different from the present. If the book was written using a different mood it would not have had the impact the author intended to. The author has also used imagery in the book. Imagery is defined as an author's attempt to create a certain picture in the mind of the reader. Imagery is best displayed by use of images in books, but most novels do not usually have pictures, especially fictional ones. It is therefore upon the author to use the right words and style to bring out the right image. In this novel the author has been able to portray the life that the villagers were living in. The reader can also feel their way of life and what they believe in. Ruku narrates the state of their houses in a way that the reader is able to see the house well in their mind. The author also uses the literal device of symbolism. The book is set at a time when there is massive change all over India. There is an increase in urban development. Also, the British colonists are trying to bring changes to the citizens of India. In the novel the tannery is used as a symbol .it stands for change. The way the characters in the novel react to the tannery shows how they react to change (Sinclair 84). They are those who embrace the coming of the tannery, Ruku's sons included. Others like Ruku are strongly opposing the tannery. Nathan is seen trying to persuade hi s wife to accept this change since it is inevitable. The plot of the story is structured into two parts. The first part is mostly about Ruku's marriage life. The second part is about the efforts of Ruku and her family to seek refuge from their son in the city. The first chapters of the novel start when Ruku is married off to Nathan. They then travel to Nathan's place. In these chapters Ruku narrates to us how her arranged marriage results to an intimate and loving marriage. This chapter shows as Ruku transforms from a little girl to a woman who is now a good wife to Nathan. The plot proceeds to show how, Ruku gets a first born then becomes infertile. After a challenge she is able to give birth to other kids who are all sons. The children grow up and they all take their different routes in life. Some sons get employment at the tannery. Murugan, their third son goes off to the city to become a servant. Ira, the daughter, gets married and later is divorced. Ruku and her husband lose their land to the tannery and they have to move from the village. The second part of the plot shows the attempt of Ruku and her family to go to the city to their son. The son they are searching for is nowhere to be found. They are then forced to take up work at a quarry. Here, they work as stonebreakers to earn money for food. Nathan though dies and Ruku has to go to her home village. She is accompanied by Puli. She settles there with her daughter and her youngest son. The plot has been developed in a way that things moves from being worse to becoming better. Additionally, the author has also used the technique of conflict in the novel. There is conflict present between Ruku and the changes that present themselves. Ruku is mostly in conflict with the introduction of the tannery. There is also conflict between Ruku and her sons. They do not agree with their mother about the tannery. This is demonstrated when the sons seek out jobs at the tannery. Ruku struggles with this conflict until she and her husband resolves the conflict. They do this by moving away from their land, although Nathan later dies, Ruku resettles iin her home village (Markandanya 114). It is while here that things start to look brighter and actually get better. The author has also greatly illustrated the culture of the people in the novel. Culture is a wide term that covers various aspects of life. This includes; food, religion, beliefs and the way of life. Most of the characters in the story are land tenants. Just like Nathan, they do not own the land that they toil on. The tenants also largely depend on food from their farms for food. This is why when floods occur, most of their products are destroyed and they have to endure drought. Their staple food is rice, which they mix with vegetables. The religion of the most of the characters is Hinduism. This people in the book are portrayed to follow their religion faithfully. They will not agree to go out of what the religion demands of them. The Hindu religion requires women to pay for their dowry. Ruku is married off to a poor man, because even if she was the daughter of the headmen they could not afford a richer man. This is because the parents do not have enough money left after marrying off the sisters to wealthy men. Ruku though is able to understand the diversity of religion in the world as she interacts with a Muslim friend (Markandanya 54). The novel is used to show the situation that was present in India. There was a presence of Muslim in the country although they were a minority. Marriage is also a part of culture. Marriage is important as it determines the movement from one caste to another. It also ensures a good future for one's children. In the novel it is important to marry above one's level or a man who is of the same level as a woman. When a woman marries beneath her level, it means that she moves from an upper caste to a lower one. Ruku marries a man who is under her level. At the beginning she is not very comfortable and she gets disappointed upon seeing her husband house. Kunthi too marries below her level. She is so unhappy that she keeps letting everyone know that she married beneath her level. Nevertheless, Ruku is able to get used to her new level. The caste system in India is very important part of their culture. If the writer was to write the novel and not include this in the book, it would lack its originality of being set in India. The problem though is that the author belonged to the highest caste and in the book she focused on the lower ca ste. The novel has been able to portray a history of India. It shows a shift of India's economic and cultural situation. The novel is in a setting when the British have just finished ruling India. Although this is not stated openly, the book does imply this historical time. It shows the movement of younger people from the reliance of farming to industry. Many young people in the book including Ruku's sons seek employment in the tannery (Markandanya 65). It is also a time where rural areas are being transformed to urban areas. The theme of hope is signifies independence of India from the colonial rule. As the book ends on a brighter note, maybe the author signifies that India has finally achieved independence. The political situation after the British rule immensely influenced the story in the novel. During this time the British colonial rule had transformed India. Industrialization was increasing. They also introduced an educational system that was making the youth more liberal. They were more aware of their freedom than before. The British also introduced capitalism, the rich started to own more land while the poor lost property. They became poorer and were living in poor conditions. These aspects are included in the book. The author for instance shows the spread of industrialization with the tannery. It also shows how the poor were suffering due to the changes. The problem though is that the author does not clearly bring out the aspect of politics, which is clearly an issue at the time she writes the book. The book also addresses some human rights issue. The main issue though is starvation or hunger. The novel shows how the characters in the book depend on the farms for their livelihood. The food they eat is received from the farms that they led. The people also depend on the rain for them to grow their crop. When the rain fails or comes in plenty it spoils their crop. This leads to them experiencing famine. There is hunger experienced by the people living in the rural areas. They do not have anyone who comes to their rescue. Instead they are forced to turn to new means of getting food. It should be the government's responsibility to cater for their own in such times; this is not the case in the book. People are left to suffer, others even die of starvation. Ruku's daughter is even forced into prostitution so that she can get food for her siblings. It is unbelievable, the treatment of important human rights like food are taken very lightly. Conclusion The book, Nectar in a Sieve, is about a woman called Ruku and her struggles in life during rapidly changing times in India. The author has used several literary aspects to bring out the story well. These includes: plot, character, imagery, the first person narration and themes. The writer in the book is also able to show the culture of the characters in terms of religion, marriage and practices too. Although not directly, the book also touches on the political issue in India at the time the book was being written. The book is a good fictional book, well written by the author to especially bring out the theme of hope. The book shows the reader the importance of hope and how human beings without hope are not going to lead a full life. It also tells us not to give up easily. Buy custom Nectar in a Sieve essay

The role of insurance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The role of insurance - Essay Example Broadly defining the term, it is the transfer of risk from one owner to another. This exchange from one entity to another is done by paying a premium to one party who is undertaking the contingent risk. In return, the person who is giving up on the loss and paying the premium gets the benefit of knowing either the extent of risk that is present and or preventing the loss at all.Insurance is one of the basic forms of risk management. In terms of position, an insurer is the person who undertakes the risk of loss; the policy holder is the person who buys the insurance and let's go of the risk that is associated. There is another term that is present, called the insurance rate; this factor is used to determine the charge that is charged for a certain kind of insurance. This extra charge is called the premium that the policy holder has to pay to let go of the risk that is present. All in all, the field of insurance and related risk management has evolved as a science. Insurance, along wit h risk management goes hand in hand. In other words, insurance is a product that is used to manage the risk that is associated with an expected event such a death, or an accident in which the prospective risks associated with the death and the accident would be the risk of the family losing a family member and the income that he or she brings. Also, the damage of the car in the accident will have to be paid. In such a case, where one knows the prospective hazards of something, it is better to insure the event so that the weight of paying for that risk at a later stage decreases. The risk premium that the policy holder has to pay depends upon the kinds of risk that the insurance company is covering. In short, the higher the risk, the higher the premium is to be paid to the insurance company and the events with a lower risk have to be adjusted with a lower premium. In evaluating the risk of an event, the insurance company makes sure that they take into account every quantifiable and qualitative factor that is present in the environment to come at a compensation that can be good enough today in order to cover the expenses in the future, if the event happens. Therefore, they insurance company greatly increases its value when the event that is being insured doesn't happen at all. For all this to take effect, the insurance providers undertake massive research regarding the insurance holder and the event that might take place. They insurance company also makes sure that they use statistical tools to evaluate the occurring of the events that may be insured, for exam ple the loss of an earning family member or an illness. Risk profiling is another major aspect of insurance. Companies who provide insurance makes sure that they do adequate risk profiling and consider it an important part. According to research and the Pareto principle, more than 80% of insurance claims arise from less than 20% of the profiles that are present. Thereofre, risk profiling helps the insurance companies understand which areas provide them greater risks of claims and which don't. Insurance providers' major aim is to develop an understanding regarding the subject that is being insured and gathering maximium possible and relevant knowledge so that they are able to better evaluate the potential risks that are present and also the likelihood of the occurrence of such events. Co-relations between different events, different factors, and summaries are presented to help the insurance providers with sound conclusions. Today, even artificial intelligence is being used in order to understand the correlation that is present between even ts that would help the insurance providers gauge the risk of an event happening. For example, the correlation between people having high amounts of alcohol everyday and

Liberty of Conscience and Individuality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Liberty of Conscience and Individuality - Essay Example He might have put much focus and contribution in his own country for his fellow countrymen, but this has influenced leadership of nations across the globe. The liberty of every person is an essential factor for governance; as one is able to demand their right as well as play a role in the way they are governed by freedom of speech and demonstration. In this essay am solely going to expound on what Mill advocated for in his quest for liberty in his country as its written in his book On liberty. Mill had a strong believe on the liberty of an individual and had his strong points to back his reasoning at such a time when many governments were transitioning and locked out any idea of a person trying to criticize or influence other citizens. One of his greatest opinions was on the fact that there should be different experiments of living. This was based on the fact that human beings are flawed in their way of acting and reasoning, but this should not be a determinant of what they could be permitted to do or not to do. He argued that opinions of any individual should be done in action as long they did not interfere with the lives of others around them. To him as long a person’s opinions could be freely formed and expressed, so should be his actions on the same opinion. According to Mill societies had to factor this opinion in action the same way they had considered it just as an opinion. He stated that if an individual chooses to follow his opinion in what he/ she believes is right, they should be allowed to put into action. Actions meant that an individual could do whatever he/ she values to be right and justified as long as they never complicate the lives of others around them. According to Mill, the process of taking opinions into another level which was action had to be acceptable by the fact that a number of characters about an individual are not likely to harm others around him/

An Overview Of Tattoos And Piercings Sociology Essay

An Overview Of Tattoos And Piercings Sociology Essay Tattoos and piercings have been used for thousands of years to show personal expression, beliefs, dedication, devotion, regret, and desires. Tattoo is defined by the Webster dictionary as an â€Å"indelible mark or figure fixed upon the body by insertion of pigment under the skin or by production of scars† and piercing as â€Å"a piece of jewelry (as a ring or stud) that is attached to pierced flesh†. Tattoos and piercings have been used for thousands of years dating back to the Bronze Age. According to DIG magazine, â€Å"Some of the oldest tattoo marks ever found are on Otzi, the Iceman, the frozen mummy dating to around 3300 B.C. that was found in the Tyrolean Alps.† Otzi had 58 tattoos and it is generally believed they were for medicinal purposes. These tattoos were simple using dots and lines and places near joints possibly to provide relief associated with arthritis. The history of piercings is not as clearly documented as tattoos but date back to ancient t imes. Piercings were once reserved for women and cross-gender acceptance began in the early 1900s. Infections are common with both tattoos and piercings. An individuals should take extreme care when deciding where to get one on their body, which facility to perform the procedure, and post procedure practices to help reduce the risk of infections. Tattoo and piercing facilities should be researched to find the ones that use the best practices. Are the instruments sterilized before each piercing and are new needles used for every tattoo? If a facility says no to any of these items, it may not be a reputable shop, and one should keep looking. Not using sterile equipment and having a clean environment to receive a tattoo or piercing can lead to a number of infections. According to (Hamodat Hutchinson, 2007), a 17 year old girl died from infection after by getting her nipple pierced by a friend. This young woman developed Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome (TSS) after receiving this piercing. Despite receiving medical care for this infection, she died two weeks after the piercing. De spite locating a clean facility to receive a tattoo or piercing, skin infections, bacterial infections, and allergies still occur. Individuals should adhere to the prescribed methods for caring for this new body modification. Whether deciding to get a tattoo or piercing through a carefully thought-out plan or impulsive decision, one should consider the possible diseases that can be transmitted through the procedure. According to the Center for Disease Control â€Å"hepatitis C can be transmitted through contaminated devices used for tattoos, body piercing† (Davies, 2005, p. D.1). One of the most popular examples of a person contracting hepatitis C from a tattoo is Pamela Anderson. Pamela Anderson contracted hepatitis C from sharing a needle used to get a tattoo with her Tommy Lee. Additional blood-borne diseases that can be transmitted through having a tattoo or piercing include hepatitis B, HIV, and tetanus. These diseases can have life-threatening consequences up to and including death. Listed in the chart below are the definitions of each of these diseases according to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention website (2009). †¢ Hepatitis B is a liver disease caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). It ranges in severity from a mild illness, lasting a few weeks (acute), to a serious long-term (chronic) illness that can lead to liver disease or liver cancer. †¢ Hepatitis C is a liver disease caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV). HCV infection sometimes results in an acute illness, but most often becomes a chronic condition that can lead to cirrhosis of the liver and liver cancer. †¢ HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is the virus that causes AIDS. This virus may be passed from one person to another when infected blood, semen, or vaginal secretions come in contact with an uninfected persons broken skin or mucous membranes*. In addition, infected pregnant women can pass HIV to their baby during pregnancy or delivery, as well as through breast-feeding. People with HIV have what is called HIV infection. Some of these people will develop AIDS as a result of their HIV infection. †¢ Tetanus (lockjaw) is a serious disease that causes painful tightening of the muscles, usually all over the body. It can lead to locking of the jaw so the victim cannot open his mouth or swallow. Tetanus leads to death in about 1 in 10 cases. Beyond the risk of infection and disease, there exists a negative association with tattoos and piercings in society. Future employers tend to look negatively on individuals with visible tattoos and piercings. Companies such as retail and sales want to present a clean image to their potential and existing customers and having visible tattoos and piercings is not what they want from their employees. Companies that require business casual or professional attire from their employees do not want the distractions that come with tattoos and piercings. In the â€Å"Your Chatter† section (2005), Crains Cleveland Business asked several senior executives whether they would hire someone with tattoos and or piercings. Their findings reveal that employers think that people with body modification are less professional, skilled, and intelligent because of partaking in this risky expression of oneself when compared to people without them, regardless of qualifications. While employed, displays of body art can also have undesired results. Job advancement and promotions can be hindered because the majority of managers find it easier to advance employees that have the traditional appearance. Tattoos and piercings have been used for thousands of years to show personal expression, beliefs, dedication, devotion, regret, and desires. Tattoo is defined by the Webster dictionary as an â€Å"indelible mark or figure fixed upon the body by insertion of pigment under the skin or by production of scars† and piercing as â€Å"a piece of jewelry (as a ring or stud) that is attached to pierced flesh†. Tattoos and piercings have been used for thousands of years dating back to the Bronze Age. According to DIG magazine, â€Å"Some of the oldest tattoo marks ever found are on Otzi, the Iceman, the frozen mummy dating to around 3300 B.C. that was found in the Tyrolean Alps.† Otzi had 58 tattoos and it is generally believed they were for medicinal purposes. These tattoos were simple using dots and lines and places near joints possibly to provide relief associated with arthritis. The history of piercings is not as clearly documented as tattoos but date back to ancient times. Piercings were once reserved for women and cross- gender acceptance began in the early 1900s. Infections are common with both tattoos and piercings. An individuals should take extreme care when deciding where to get one on their body, which facility to perform the procedure, and post procedure practices to help reduce the risk of infections. Tattoo and piercing facilities should be researched to find the ones that use the best practices. Are the instruments sterilized before each piercing and are new needles used for every tattoo? If a facility says no to any of these items, it may not be a reputable shop, and one should keep looking. Not using sterile equipment and having a clean environment to receive a tattoo or piercing can lead to a number of infections. According to (Hamodat Hutchinson, 2007), a 17 year old girl died from infection after by getting her nipple pierced by a friend. This young woman developed Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome (TSS) after receiving this piercing. Despite receiving medical care for this infection, she died two weeks after the piercing. Despite locating a clean facility to receive a tattoo or piercing, skin infections, bacterial infections, and allergies still occur. Individuals should adhere to the prescribed methods for caring for this new body modification. Whether deciding to get a tattoo or piercing through a carefully thought-out plan or impulsive decision, one should consider the possible diseases that can be transmitted through the procedure. According to the Center for Disease Control â€Å"hepatitis C can be transmitted through contaminated devices used for tattoos, body piercing† (Davies, 2005, p. D.1). One of the most popular examples of a person contracting hepatitis C from a tattoo is Pamela Anderson. Pamela Anderson contracted hepatitis C from sharing a needle used to get a tattoo with her Tommy Lee. Additional blood-borne diseases that can be transmitted through having a tattoo or piercing include hepatitis B, HIV, and tetanus. These diseases can have life-threatening consequences up to and including death. Listed in the chart below are the definitions of each of these diseases according to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention website (2009). †¢ Hepatitis B is a liver disease caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). It ranges in severity from a mild illness, lasting a few weeks (acute), to a serious long-term (chronic) illness that can lead to liver disease or liver cancer. †¢ Hepatitis C is a liver disease caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV). HCV infection sometimes results in an acute illness, but most often becomes a chronic condition that can lead to cirrhosis of the liver and liver cancer. †¢ HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is the virus that causes AIDS. This virus may be passed from one person to another when infected blood, semen, or vaginal secretions come in contact with an uninfected persons broken skin or mucous membranes*. In addition, infected pregnant women can pass HIV to their baby during pregnancy or delivery, as well as through breast-feeding. People with HIV have what is called HIV infection. Some of these people will develop AIDS as a result of their HIV infection. †¢ Tetanus (lockjaw) is a serious disease that causes painful tightening of the muscles, usually all over the body. It can lead to locking of the jaw so the victim cannot open his mouth or swallow. Tetanus leads to death in about 1 in 10 cases. Beyond the risk of infection and disease, there exists a negative association with tattoos and piercings in society. Future employers tend to look negatively on individuals with visible tattoos and piercings. Companies such as retail and sales want to present a clean image to their potential and existing customers and having visible tattoos and piercings is not what they want from their employees. Companies that require business casual or professional attire from their employees do not want the distractions that come with tattoos and piercings. In the â€Å"Your Chatter† section (2005), Crains Cleveland Business asked several senior executives whether they would hire someone with tattoos and or piercings. Their findings reveal that employers think that people with body modification are less professional, skilled, and intelligent because of partaking in this risky expression of oneself when compared to people without them, regardless of qualifications. While employed, displays of body art can also have undesired results. Job advancement and promotions can be hindered because the majority of managers find it easier to advance employees that have the traditional appearance.